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Chaluce. Od obietnicy ziemi do Ziemi Obiecanej

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Ulanowski K.

Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku

2011

vol. 09

Genesis of the He Halutz movement comes from a complicated mosaic of the Jewish ideas of the late nineteenth and twentieth century of the national and the socialist character. The idea from which the Halutzim originated has its roots in both the utopia and the purely pragmatic intentions. An important element for understanding the history of the movement in general is the observation of the evolution of the global concept of a similar character and relating them to the situation on Polish territories and in Poland after 1918. This issue involves the attitude towards the Halutzim in these countries in which the movement was organized and was developed. The most important question concerning the operation is: who was the patron, who was the owner of the land on which farms were created and who employed them in factories? This matter is connected with the reaction of the Polish state authorities and ordinary users of the land and later the Nazis after 1939. The study of organizing the movement from the inside is reduced to analysis of ways in which they were working before and during the war. One could not overlook the significant contribution of the Halutzim in the Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto uprising. A detailed examination shows great distribution of He Halutz movement on the Polish territory and surprisingly little awareness of this fact. In the Polish sources and modern historical research one can find only marginal information about the movement and for this reason a big difficulty for a researcher with the verification of the results of the study. Therefore, I focus on the presentation of the best documented examples of places (Czortków, Grodno, Warszawa) and pioneers who make up the movement. In the final stage I am trying to define the role that the movement played in creating the Kibbutz movement and in the process of building an independent state of Israel.

BETWEEN SINFULNESS AND BEING CHOSEN. GOD-MAN RELATIONSHIP IN MESOPOTAMIAN MYTHOLOGY (Pomiedzy grzesznoscia a wybraniem. Relacja bog-czlowiek w mitologii mezopotamskiej)

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Ulanowski K.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

2010

issue 3-4 (234-235)

141-154

The understanding of the Mesopotamian civilization, especially the relations between humans and gods, is hardly known. The advanced and long-lasting studies have entitled us to establish the picture of a culture in which these relations where fundamental for its correct existence. From this perspective, the question of being chosen or rejected by gods is of great importance. This article seeks to find divine reasons for finding humans sinful or pious. Gods' attitudes are one thing, another one is how people obtained this knowledge. It is a question of communication between gods and humans. In Mesopotamian history, men treated gods with great respect and anxiety that was related to the definition of divine which can be rendered with an Akkadian term 'mellamu'. If one accepts such a division into two different worlds, could one find any notion of human disagreement for being totally subordinated? Is it right to talk about human disobedience or even revolt? Who from among animated beings was strong enough to object the powerful gods? This paper discusses the attitudes of heroes and kings who in their deeds challenged the 'perfect world' created for men by gods. Not only examples of gods' attitude towards humans are analysed but also the ways of human understanding of their own role in the world.

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1 Przegląd Orientalistyczny

1 Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku

2 Ulanowski K.

1 2011

1 2010

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Chaluce. Od obietnicy ziemi do Ziemi Obiecanej

BETWEEN SINFULNESS AND BEING CHOSEN. GOD-MAN RELATIONSHIP IN MESOPOTAMIAN MYTHOLOGY (Pomiedzy grzesznoscia a wybraniem. Relacja bog-czlowiek w mitologii mezopotamskiej)