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1

Odpowiedzialność za słowo w kontekście godności człowieka

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Drożdż A.
Studia Socialia Cracoviensia
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2010
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issue 2(3)
29-39
EN
By virtue of humanity man ought to be a responsible person. It is primarily a responsibility towards one’s conscience, towards God, and towards other people. Responsibility for one’s words is understood as the responsibility for the spoken word, written word, the words declared and propagated in the media. Also, the responsibility for “being real” in all human „testimonies”. By reason of being a human, man is always a witness, i.e. a „bearer” of and a „participant” in values, especially the values of the humanity of one’s own and of others. His responsibility is thus rooted in human dignity.
2
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Integracyjna rola moralności

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Drożdż A.
Studia Socialia Cracoviensia
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2014
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vol. 6
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issue 1
EN
The content of this article is “integration in human morality”. The research presupposition is that man cannot fully develop and improve, and thus fully integrate, without a proper moral development. This starts with “discovering” own human identity and responsibility for themselves and others. Without this there can be no meaningful integration. From a moral point of view – morality determines the constant formation of human consciences in the truth. Socrates described it like “the ethos of the midwife”, because, as in birth, so in morality, a man could be replaced with anything else. Improvement of conscience in truth and according to truth shows us that the integration cannot be done “outside” of the moral life of man. And so – first we see the integration of people through the development of personal conscience. The moral and social integrate ethically in all family ties. We also speak rightly of integration through work ethics, professional morality of people through the media, etc. The most common manifestations of true moral life is the participation of the people in the culture and through culture. Similarly, like the culture, the morality is a matter of human vision of a man and therefore plays here and there a fundamental role. On this plane also draws the prospect of a positive impact on the culture by morality. The starting point of this integration is the recognition of the inalienable dignity as a person.
3
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Bogactwo - nędza w nauczaniu papieża Franciszka.

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Drożdż A.
Teologia i Moralność
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2013
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vol. 8
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issue 2(14)
163-180
EN
The author of this paper analyses the main themes of morality and spirituality of contemporary priests, with special attention to the post-conciliar theology of priesthood of Pope   Francis. Today there are many serious problems related to the material wealth of many people. This contributes to a specific culture of consumerism. The poor are not free from the spiritual and moral tensions of this culture, either. In the contemporary world they are the   majority. Pope Francis rejects this so called "worldliness" in the lifestyle of priests. Once again he draws our attention to the highly original "option for the  poor". In numerous addresses (there are over 70 of them) to priests and bishops, Pope Francis is very strict in his condemnation of "the careerist approach" within the Church. His style is almost prophetic in this respect. He is also very critical about the lack of concern for the needs of the poor. He himself sets an example of a "simple" and "humble" life. Also, like in the case of a homily on priestly ordination, he gives numerous hagaliologic examples (Saint Francis of Assisi, blessed Mother Theresa, blessed John Paul II, Saint Father Pio). This entire message of Pope Francis builds up a "new" theology of priesthood confronted with the crises of this  world. Wealth is a gift of God. God the Creator and Saviour knows best what man needs in his earthly pilgrimage. The biblical wise men were well aware of the "insignificance" of earthly goods. One of them prayed this way: "Two things I ask of you; deny them not for me before I die: Remove far from me falsehood and lying; give me neither poverty not riches; feed me with the food that is needful for me, lest I be full, and deny you, and say „Who is the Lord?",or lest I be poor, and steal, and profane the name of my God" (Proverbs 30, 7-9). The author of the paper reminds his readers that the theme of material and spiritual wealth can be found in hundreds and thousands of maxims. This goes on in every period of history, but since more of less the times of Adam Smith and his work On the Wealth of Nations a new period in the culture of the West seems to have been initiated: money - even against the intention of Smith - becomes indeed the Mammon of the West. Since almost the first day of the pontificate of Pope Francis, we can find in his teaching many "testimonials" and "references" to this "dramatic tension between wealth and poverty". These topics are the subject of the present paper.
PL
Papież Franciszek preferuje wybór tzw. „opcji fundamentalnej”, co w Jego rozumieniu jest tożsame z wybórem podstawowym. W etyce wychowawczej przyznaje się szczególne znaczenie pewnym decyzjom ludzkim, które są zdolne kształtować całe życie moralne i duchowe człowieka i oddziaływać na szczegółowe wybory i poszczególne czyny. Papież nawiązując do tego sposobu myślenia odwołuje się do Ewangelii miłosierdzia, pragnąc tym samym uwrażliwić wspólnotę Kościołą i ludzi dobrej woli na ubogich i potrzebujących.  
4
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Ethos męczeństwa i "non violence" w II stuleciu chrześcijaństwa

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Drożdż A.
Vox Patrum
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1987
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vol. 12
87-105
IT
L’articolo affronta il tema del "martirio cristiano" costellato di richiami e di analogie etiche che ricordano l'ethos di non violenza.
5
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Ojcowie Kościoła w encyklice „Fides et ratio” Jana Pawła II

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Drożdż A.
Vox Patrum
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2007
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vol. 50
273-284
EN
Der Artikel stellt eine Probe der Auseinandersetzung mit dem Dilemma der patristischen Kultur, nämlich mit dem Dilemma credo ut intellegam und intellego ut credam vor. In unserem Artikel möchten wir uns darauf beschränken, kurz auf die Originalität und auf die Aktualität dieser Gedanken einzugehen und ihr Zusammenhang mit den patristischen Werken kurz aufzuzeigen. Dieser Gedanke, der als Leitmotiv der Überlegungen von der Enzyklika ist, zeigt auch hoch aktuelle anthropologische und ethische Probleme unserer Zeit, in den sich die Einschränkungen der Vernunft aufzeigen. Die Vernunft muss einige Grundregeln beachten, um der ihr eigenen Natur bestmöglich Ausdruck geben zu können. In unserem Artikel gehen wir kurz auf diese Regeln hinauf. Die erste Regel besteht in der Berücksichtigung der Tatsache, dass das Erkennen des Menschen ein Weg ist, der keinen Stillstand kennt; die zweite entsteht aus dem Bewusstsein, dass man sich auf diesen Weg nicht mit dem Hochmut dessen begeben darf, der meint, alles sei Frucht persönlicher Errungenschaft; eine dritte Regel gründet auf der Gottesfurcht: die Vernunft muss Gottes souveräne Transzendenz und zugleich seine sorgende Liebe bei der Lenkung der Welt anerkennen. Das habe schon frühchristliche Kirchenväter und Schriftsteller entdeckt der heilige Augustinus, der heilige Ireneus, der heilige Justinus, Tertul- lian. Johannes Paul II schreibt, dass die Meister der christlicher Weisheit haben uns Werke von der großen Bedeutung und Wert überlassen. Ihre theologischen Werke zeigen eindeutlich, dass die Theologie auch eine Philosophie braucht. Es bedeutet, dass die christliche Lehre die Durchsetzung einer „recta ratio”, einer gerade ausgerichteten philosophischen Vernunft, fordert, die, obwohl sie sich nicht mit einer bestimmten philosophischen Bewegung identifiziert, den wesentlichen Kern und die unverzichtbaren Eckpfeiler der rationalen Wahrheit des Seins, der Erkenntnis und des moralischen Handelns des Menschen ausdrückt, die sozusagen der Pluralität verschiedener Philosophien und Kulturen vorausgehen und ein Kriterium zur Beurteilung verschiedener Aussagen philosophischer Systeme bilden. In unserem Artikel versuchen wir diese Begegnung zwischen - wie die Enzyklika schreibt - Athen und Jerusalem.In unseren Überlegungen geben wir den Hinweis, dass die christliche Offenbarung selbst der Vergleichs- und Verknüpfungspunkt zwischen Philosophie und Glauben ist. In diesem Zusammenhang unser Artikel zeigt das patristische Prinzip, nämlich eine Suche nach der theologischen und philosophischen Bedeutung der Kirchenväter. Das patristische Prinzip zeigt - wie Johannes Paul II schreibt - den „Weg der Weisheit” als den richtigen Weg an, um endgültige Antworten auf die Frage nach dem Sinn der Existenz zu finden. In diesem Sinne Papst erinnert die Theologen daran, dass die Theologie ohne eine gesunde Philosophie dazu bestimmt ist, den Denkformen der postmodernen Kultur zu erliegen, die es aufgegeben hat, über die Frage der Wahrheit nachzudenken. Er lädt die Philosophen dazu ein, einer ständig gültigen Tradition zu folgen und die Dimensionen der Weisheit und der Wahrheit - auch der metaphysischen - im philosophischen Denken wiederzubeleben. Diese Gedanken von Papst Johannes Paul II schaffen die Rahmen, in denen sich unsere Überlegungen finden.
6
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Poszukiwanie mądrości a nawrócenie według św. Augustyna. Aspekt epistemologiczno-etyczny

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Drożdż A.
Vox Patrum
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1988
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vol. 14
81-100
EN
Der hl. Augustinus hat sehr viel seiner Aufmerksamkeit auf das Problem der Weisheit.
7

Jan Paweł II jako nauczyciel moralności

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Drożdż A.
Studia Pastoralne
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2006
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vol. 2
234-246
DE
Papst Johannes Paul II war und ist weiter ein großer Lehrer der Moral. Der vorliegende Artikel hat ein Ziel, diese Wahrheit zu zeigen. Karol Wojtyla und später Johannes Paul der Zweite geht davon aus, dass der Mensch eine Person ist. Der Ausgangspunkt seiner Analyse ist die Erfahrung der Person. Diese Erfahrung zeigt die Würde des Menschen und seine Transzendenz durch die Taten. Der Mensch kann entdecken in seinem Gewissen die Wahr-heit über sich selbst. Sein Hauptwerk die Person und die Tat öffnet den Weg zur personalis-tischen Auffassung der Moral in der ganzen Lehre des späteren Papstes Johannes Paul der Zweiten. In dieser Lehre die Moral ist eng verbunden mit der menschlichen und christli-chen Berufung, mit der Umkehrung in der pluralistischen Welt und mit dem Prinzip des Christus Nachahmens. Dieser „christomorfizm” der Moral ist eng verbunden in der Lehre des Papstes mit der erneuten Vision der christlichen Eschatologie.
8

Homo supermercatus poważnym wyzwaniem moralnym dla kaznodziejstwa

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Drożdż A.
Studia Pastoralne
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2011
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vol. 7
131-147
EN
Human is „moral being” regardless of conditions and the times in which he lives. It results from the fact, that human is a person, it means that he is spiritual-corporeal being, someone who is rational and independen. Despite the fact that the man is exposed to McDonaldization, subjected to numerous crises, it should be noted that he is still religious being and occurred processes did not deprive him of religious sense. Human is still sensitive to religious questions, even though he looks very often for answer outside Christianity, which is old – fashioned in media. It is essential challenge not only for preaching but also for whole Christian formation. A long time ago, Maurice Blondel said, that: „the times are the same like people are”. As it is known people are either moral good or moral bad. Tertium non datur. This also applies to human morality, which today is sometimes labeled as homo supermercatus. An important challenge is consumerist life style of many people, who live most of the time without awareness of development of appropriate hierarchy of values and necessary spiritual needs. These people usually satisfy their material needs without thinking of human dignity and their Christian vocation. Homo consumens – is a person, who is suspended between gift and commodity. Detailed sociological and psychological analysis give us a lot of arguments about the behavior of present – day human. This man seems to have many features, which indicate that, „he desires to have more”, instead of „to be a human more and more”. Today, principle is known: I consume, therefore I am. Strong influence of ethical utilitarianism on daily culture of life was noticed long ago. For example – in the book The New Economic Gospel of Consumption, written by E. Cowdrick in 1927, we can find interesting opinion, that we live in times, when people are forced to regular consume of goods and services. It also impinges on assessment of current homiletic thinking. Author emphasizes, using criteria from ethic of J. Woroniecki, that the human always was and is just jealous, mistrustful, suspicious and first and foremost selfish and very greedy. It causes, that he is a person of many crises, which can be solved effectively by homiletic teaching. Analyzing behavior, attitudes and basic sources of numerous crisis (identity crisis, family crisis, political crisis, educational crisis etc.) of consumerist human, author develop thought of Marciano Vidal, that this person is a man of „lost ethical home”. Under the pulpit and before the alter – we do not have today – saying colloquially – „empty people” and „neuter people”. We have deeply hurt people in their humanity. Moreover we have people with many difficulties in faith. There are difficulties arising from human life experience and civilization’s difficulties. It turns out that only Christianity, with its integrity of salvation, is able to help such people effectively.
9

Historia i przeżywanie ludzkiej moralności

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Drożdż A.
Studia Pastoralne
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2014
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vol. 10
200-221
EN
A human existence is inevitably inscribed in experiencing time. „For everything there is a season, and a time for every matter under heaven...” (Ecclesiastes 3:1-8). Historicity of man and awareness of this historicity makes him special among the creation. The same applies to human morality. Human morality, as the author assumes after Saint Augustine, is conditioned by the past, present but also the future of man (Confessions XI, 14,17). Experiencing a historic time can be seen in the so called cirmunstantiae vitae. They are decisive when it comes to quality of each „moral deed”. What is also at stake here, is the fact, that experiencing a historic time decides upon moral quality of human thoughts, deeds and lifestyles. There is no man outside time and history. The same applies to human morality. Moral „biographies” are always historic. It means that „times are as morality of men is like”: good or evil. This calls for responsibility for the gift of time. A man is mortal (homo viator), but his earthly existence is a „preparation” and „introduction” to eternity. Hence responsibility for eternal salvation is the most important moral responsibility of every man. In the second part of the paper the author claims, following Maurice Blondel, that „times in each generation are hard...”. Human morality therefore can be found „between heroism and bestiality...”. It is not insignificant that history „may flow against the current of human conscience...”. This is the truth derived from poetry of young Karol Wojtyła by Karl Dedecius. A man, each in his own way, experiences his time. One can live through one’s time in various ways: chaotically, confusedly and randomly, or very responsibly. „Time perspective” is another important factor for human consciousness. In „long-time perspective” for example one can see more clearly „quality” of human life. One has a better view on bygone phenomena and experience, since they are viewed as continuity „towards eternity”. Among multiplicity of historical phenomena one of the most pivotal ones are experience of failures, catastrophes, but also heroic deeds. It is said that „history is a teacher of life”, but it is also true that „there is few, who are able and willing to learn these lessons...”. There is no human biographies „outside history”. This allows us to discover specific „strings of events”, but also lines of evangelical development, in spite of numerous weaknesses. Ultimately eternity awaits all of us. May God grant us all a happy one.
10

Młodzież poddawana wielorakiej manipulacji

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Drożdż A.
Studia Pastoralne
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2017
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vol. 13
178-193
EN
The publication focuses on the manipulation of today’s youth as well as of their affairs. The first area concerns multiple methods of “attracting” young people to secular culture and pseudoculture. This is caused primarily by social fashion factors. It is also a strong area of nearly complete demoralization. The second area concerns medialization of the youth. This world appears in the media as a world of “computer people” and participation in “the network”. This applies above all to Facebook. The publication refers to earlier works by Ben Mezrich and Even Baileyn. Another important element of taking control over young people today is the area of economy. The author highlights the fact, that young people enter the labour market with greater difficulties compared to the older generation. This generation is seeking for livelihood and development in their work. Changes in the area of economy are forcing young people to reject the fixed both post-Marxism, and Taylorism, since both of them are ruthless for the young people. This is mainly due to the economic manipulation to which young people are powerless.
11

„Wszystkie Boże przykazania są prawdą”

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Drożdż A.
Studia Pastoralne
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2018
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vol. 14
303-320
EN
We are living in a multi-standard culture. These are usually legal provisions. The number of bureaucratic regulations is also great. Each institution is created by numerous legislation processes. There are also, known for centuries, moral norms. Each type of morality has its own structure of norms and behaviour principles. Since the end of the 19th century situational ethics and moral relativism have been spreading in the western culture. It questions the existence of universal and commonly applicable moral norms. The God’s commandments (Decalogue) are particularly negated. It is often said about selective obeying the Ten Commandments. That is why it is urgently needed to remind the binding power of The Commandments. Of course, the Ten Commandments should be interpreted in the context of the New Testament. Today, at the core of this interpretation, there lies a christological criterion. It means that all of the Ten Commandments (lex naturalis, Decalogue, lex evangelica) are being fulfilled in the two Great Commandments of the love of God and neighbour. A visible example of not complying with the Commandments is the culture of death that exists nowadays. It is a sign of not only atheism but also the destruction of humanity.
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