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THE ORGANIZATION OF THE AUTHORITIES OF THE GOVERNMENTAL MINING AND METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

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Wojcik A. J.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2005
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vol. 14
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issue 1-2(27-28)
227-308
EN
The aim of the current paper is to present the organizational framework of the governmental mining and metallurgical industry in the Kingdom of Poland in the first half of the 19th century. This was a period when many legal regulations were introduced in order to give direction to economic activity, which led to the initiation and development of governmental industrial plants. As time went by, however, the plants gradually came to be closed down and were taken over by private capital. Printed source materials do not provide sufficient data on the organization of the mining authorities during the period of partitioned Poland (i.e. during the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries). The vast literature of the subject concerns mainly economic issues, and is based on enormous amounts of archival materials, some of which are no longer existent today. However, the available writings do not contain any relevant name lists, which would make it possible to follow the changes within particular plants, as well as the industry as a whole. The mining and metallurgical industry in the Kingdom of Poland went through many periods of growth and of standstill alike. Changes in the industry were due to the effective activities of numerous specialists. The establishment, in the first half of the 19th century, of a number of industrial regions went hand in hand with the actual emergence of specialized industry. This led to the appearance of a stable cadre of qualified workers of the governmental mining and metallurgical industry in the Kingdom of Poland. However, it is nowadays very difficult to follow all the personnel changes, as well as to draw up a complete list of those employed in the industry.
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THE MINING AND GEOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF JÓZEF CIESZKOWSKI IN THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF THE KINGDOM OF POLAND IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

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Wojcik A. J.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2008
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vol. 17
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issue 1-2(33-34)
87-101
EN
Until the 19th century, there was - with a few exceptions - little connection in geology between general concepts and knowledge stemming from the actual practice of mining. Irrespective of the development of various philosophical concepts, observation came to be used on a large scale as a research method. The method was predominantly applied by geologists who worked in mines, and thus were directly concerned with the exploration and identification of mineral deposits. Among such mine geologists who were active in the 19th century in the Kingdom of Poland, the part of partitioned Poland under Russian sovereignty, was Józef Cieszkowski (1789-1867). After graduating from the Mining Academy in Kielce (where he studied in the years 1817-1820), Cieszkowski first got a job as an assistant engineer at the Olkusz-Siewierz Board of Mining, and then, from 1823, he worked in the calamine mine at Slawków. Later he was sent to gain practical knowledge abroad (1826-1827). The reports of his stay abroad, written in 1834 and 1836, contain descriptions of sites where coal deposits are found (coal basins), but their main focus is on description of mining procedures (the draining of mines, exploitation of deposits and underground transportation in mines). As time went by, Cieszkowski advanced in the government-run mining industry, to become successively assistant mine superintendent, chief mine superintendent (1834) and head of the mine division of the Western District of the Kingdom of Poland (1841-1861). Thanks to his practical interests, Cieszkowski played a crucial role in the introduction of new methods of exploiting coal deposits and transporting the output. Identification of the occurrence of particular coal beds made it possible to establish new mines, while the development of a new method of exploiting coal deposits - known, after the region where it originated, as the 'Dabrowa' or 'Zaglebie' method - allowed miners to exploit thick coal beds by layers. The method, of which Cieszkowski himself was a precursor in 1848, made it possible to extract coal almost without any losses (no unextracted parts of the bed were left, with the thickness of the beds reaching up to 25 metres). This led to a reduction in the number of fires, which had occurred in mines very frequently before. In his dictionary of mining (Slownik górniczy), published in 1868, Hieronim Labecki presented a number of terms developed by Józef Cieszkowski, such as 'overlay', 'inclined drift', 'countershaft', as well as the term '(mineral) basin', the definition of which included a description of a geological structure characterized by a synclinal arrangement of sedimentary rock strata. The introduction of the definition into mining terminology proceeded in a gradual way, starting from 1840. The term 'basin' was first used in the title of a published map in the 'Geognostic map of the coal basin of the Kingdom of Poland' drafted by Jan Marian Hempel.
3
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JAM MARIAN HEMPEL - AUTHOR OF GEOLOGICAL AND MINING MAPS OF THE KINGDOM OF POLAND

100%
Wojcik A. J.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2006
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vol. 15
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issue 1-2(29-30)
255-278
EN
The study presents the work of Jan Marian Hempel (12.12.1818-19.01.1886). The particular focus of the study is on the archival materials concerning the history of the industrial districts of the Kindgom of Poland, and on a number of geological and mining maps. Jan Hempel started work in the mines of the Western (Industrial) District of the Kngdom of Poland in 1840. He was employed as, among other things, a surveyor's assistant in the offices of the district at Dabrowa (Górnicza), and in the years 1843-47 he pursued studies to supplement his education, while at the same time working in the Technical Section of the Mining Division in Warsaw. From 1847 onwards Hempel organized the surveying service in the Western District, being responsible for the drawing of a number of new mine maps. In 1856 he finished work on a 'Geognostic map of the coal-mining basin of the Kingdom of Poland' (18 sections, with a scale of 1:20000). It was the first detailed geological-mining map to be published in Polish and it carried a compendium of knowledge on the occurrence of mineral resources and the geology of the whole Western District. Beginning from 1857 Hempel worked in the Eastern District (at Suchedniów) on a 'geognostic map' that was eventually published in 1867 in the journal 'Annales des Mines'. In 1861, Hempel was made head of the Western Distict, supervising the functioning of all mines and steel mills owned by the government. Jan Hempel made a very special contribution to the development of geology and mining. He introduced modern surveying methods, as well as took on the difficult task of drawing the first maps that presented the complicated geological structure of the industrial districts.
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