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EN
This paper applies the Deictic Shift Theory (DST) – as developed within the paradigm of cognitive poetics – to the analysis of Charles Williams’s short story, Et in Sempiternum Pereant. It is argued that by employing DST it is possible to account for the reader’s interpretations, which result from her/his “getting immersed” in and “moving” mentally through the story world, regardless of its “metaphysical” quality.
PL
W opracowaniu przedstawiono dorobek geografii francuskiej, jugosłowiańskiej i czechosłowackiej w zakresie studiów nad osadnictwem letniskowym w strefie górskiej. W krajach tych zjawisko „drugich domów" ma długie tradycje, a w strefie górskiej znajduje się 1/4—1/5 wszystkich obiektów. Wśród zagadnień badanych przez geografów szczególnie wiele miejsca zajmują społeczno-gospodarcze uwarunkowania i następstwa osadnictwa letniskowego, a także związane z tą formą osadnictwa zagrożenia dla środowiska przyrodniczego.
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EN
The article describes three early medieval vessels found on Ostrów Radzimski (Murowana Goślina municipality, Poznań county, Wielkopolskie voivodeship), including an early medieval vessel which depicts human figures, which is unique in Poland [Kostrzewski 1948]. The artefacts were moulded from pottery clay mixed with sand; then they were wholly thrown on a potter’s wheel. At the bottoms of two pots an identical pottery mark was identified. The pots are of similar size; there are horizontal engraved grooves, which become more frequent towards the top parts of the vessels. The presence of two horizontal, parallel slats, cut diagonally, is a characteristic feature. It imitates the crinkle-cut ornament. On the basis of the observed technical and technological characteristics, as well as the morphological and stylistic characteristics, it can be assumed that the vessels were made by the same potter on the same potter’s wheel [see Kowalczyk 2017c: 166]. The artefacts, despite numerous similarities, slightly differ in terms of their dimensions. This results from the manufacturing technique — moulding, and then throwing on a potter’s wheel. When the rich adornment on the vessels is taken into account, one can see the differences which stem from the potter’s unconventional treatment of the surface of the pottery. When considering the technical and technological characteristics as well as morphological and stylistic characteristics, the described vessels should be dated to the end of the 10th–11th century [see Kostrzewski 1948], maybe the D2 stage according to Wojciech Dzieduszycki [1982: 111], that is, from the 10/11th century till the fi rst half of the 11th century. They were probably used by the inhabitants of the Early Piast castle town on Ostrów Radzimski. The vessels were probably made under the influence of West Pomeranian impacts.
PL
Termin „królestwo” ma w Ewangeliach podwójne znaczenie: oznacza królestwo, które ma nadejść (w przyszłym eonie), oraz królestwo już obecne (w eonie teraźniejszym). W Ewangelii Marka to drugie znaczenie jest szczególnie podkreślone. Marek nie zamieszcza w swojej Ewangelii wiele przypowieści (znajdujących się w Ewangelii Mateusza), które mówią o królestwie przyszłym i termin „królestwo” odnosi przede wszystkim do teraźniejszości. W jego kazaniu w rozdziale czwartym paralelnym do kazania w przypowieściach w Mt 13 wszystkie przypowieści odnoszą się do królestwa już zrealizowanego, natomiast w Mt tylko cztery na siedem: o ziarnku gorczycy i zaczynie, o skarbie i perle. Marek częściej niż Mateusz używa terminu „ewangelia”. W tym wypadku jest pod wpływem Księgi Pocieszenia z Iz 40-55, gdzie termin ten występuje kilkakrotnie (w formie rzeczownikowej i czasownikowej). I właśnie w Księdze Pocieszenia przyjście Boga głoszone jako „dobra nowina” przedstawione jest w czasie teraźniejszym. Podkreślając królestwo zrealizowane Marek jest też pod wpływem listów św. Pawła. Jeśli św. Paweł pisze o królestwie to najczęściej o królestwie już obecnym. Dlaczego Marek czyni ze swojego dzieła przesłanie o królestwie, które już jest? Oprócz wyżej wymienionych powodów trzeba jeszcze dodać jeden: jest on prawdopodobnie przekonany, że przesłanie o królestwie zrealizowanym ułatwi jego przyjęcie przez pogan, do których dzieło swoje adresuje.
EN
Although the works of the evangelists about Jesus are all named “gospels”, each of them has a different literary genre: Matthew writes the history of the new Exodus, Luke writes the history of the messianic work of salvation, while Mark, who called his work “The Gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God” (Mk 1,1), writes the message of the coming and the inauguration of the kingdom of God. The theme of the inauguration of the kingdom is found by Mark in Matt. and the Book of Consolation in Is 40-55. The term “the kingdom” is found in the gospels in two significations: as the kingdom of the present era, and as the kingdom of the future era. The kingdom in this first signification is especially emphasized by Mark; he removed many texts about the future kingdom. Why? Probably he is under the influence of the Book of Consolation as well as of the letters of Saint Paul. He recognizes that centring on the kingdom which is present is more conductive to the reception of the gospel by the Gentiles. It is not the purpose of this article to present the synoptic problem, but it is worth commenting briefly on this theme. The differences between Matt. and Mark are usually explained by saying that Matthew took over the Gospel of Mark, but changed its composition and added many of his own texts to it. Many think that it is not possible that important texts of Matthew were removed by Mark and its beautiful composition changed by him. Biblical scholars try to explain the difference between Mt and Mk by the differences in their sources. These attempts at explanation do not lead to justified conclusions. The synoptic problem is the result of the editorial work of the evangelists; it is the result of differences with regard to the literary genre as well as to freedom in the use of the sources by the evangelists.
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EN
The possibility of demon possession is rejected by many people today. All abnormal behaviors are attributed by psychiatrists to mental illnesses. This is an error. From the theological point of view, possession is possible, because the devil’s activity was not completely blocked by the saving work of Jesus. The Bible testifies to this. In turn, psychiatry is not only unable to cure certain mental ailments, but cannot even explain their origin. What is more, it is not able to explain the relationship between a given person and the unnatural occurrences which happen around him or her. Mental illness and demon possession are two different things. One can be released from possession only by way of exorcism, asking Jesus Christ for the grace of liberation. This is confirmed by the practice of the Church right from apostolic times.
EN
onsideration the parables of the blinds and the students we can presuppose that Lukę sees the false piety among others in activity of some false teachers. "The blinds" in Lk 6,39 are easily linked with the Pharisees and scribes condemned by Jesus in Matt 23. It seems therefore that Lukę tries to warn his audiences against the judaizantes, as well as that he knew the Gospel of Matthew. The thesis of Butler based on the analysis of the vocabulary of both the sermons that Lukę used the Sermon on the Mount seems to be affirmed the analysis of the composition of these sermons too. Many pericopes of the Sermon on the Mount did not fit to Lukę with regard for their strong linkage with the Jew sitz in leben. He gave from the Sermon on the Mount only four Beatitudes and those pericopes which said of the love and warned against the false piety. The Sermon on the Mount was redacted in narrow relation to the first collection of the prescriptions in the Exod 19-23. According to Matthew it would have to be the collection of the new Law parallel to above mentioned one in the Book of Exodus. Lukę is not interested in comparison of the new Law with Old one, nevertheless he applies in some way this redaction method consisted in the comparison: he shows first the true piety and after the false one. The composition of the Sermon on the Plain is not understandable without the Sermon on the Mount. It is one evidence more that Lukę knew this sermon and based on it his Sermon on the Plain.
PL
W pracy poruszono główne kwestie dotyczące podstaw prawnych funkcjonowania partii politycznych w Polsce w okresie umownie określanym jako III Rzeczpospolita. W tym okresie w ustawodawstwie polskim uchwalono dwie ustawy o partiach politycznych, z których pierwsza obowiązywała w latach 1990 – 1997, zaś druga od 19 września 1997 r. do dzisiaj. W pracy przedstawiono cechy charakterystyczne obu ustaw oraz korespondujące z nimi inne akty prawne, począwszy od Konstytucji RP, a kończąc na aktach wykonawczych. W pracy wykorzystano akty prawne zarówno uchylone, jak też obowiązujące oraz opracowania zwarte, artykuły i źródła internetowe, szczególnie stronę internetową Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej.
EN
Two main issues concerning legal basis for functioning of political parties in Poland during the period known as the Polish Third Republic are being mentioned in this essay. During this period of time two legal acts on political parties were passed. One of the acts was in force between 1990 and 1997, the second one – the act of September 19, 1997 – is the one currently providing legal basis for functioning of the political parties. The essay summarizes both of these acts, various decrees, the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2, 1997, as well as a number of executive acts. Mandatory provisions of law, revoked acts, thematic publications, a variety of articles and the website of Sejm of the Republic of Poland were used as a source for this essay
EN
Tourism infrastructure is one of the main elements enabling the development of tourism and recreation. It also gives a specific location a competitive advantage, often resulting from urban processes in areas which, by definition, perform completely different socio-economic functions. This is the case with new urban structures, such as aerotropoli, generated as a result of the integrated planning and management of large airports and airport- -related areas. The main purpose of the work is to present the process of the development of tourism infrastructure at the aerotropolis and emphasize the role of created investments for the entire area located around Hong Kong International Airport. The article describes the processes related to the development of tourism infrastructure within the aerotropolis on Lantau Island. Reference was made to several subsystems including, among others, Hong Kong International Airport, the town of Tung Chung (also called Tung Chung New Town), Hong Kong Disneyland Resort and Ngong Ping 360. The publication is descriptive and illustrative, and is based on an analysis of the literature on the subject and Internet resources. The described case confirms that the physiognomy of airports and airport-related areas in the urban structure undergoes significant changes. They are transformed from facilities serving almost exclusively to meet transport needs to multifunctional spaces, which see the vicinity of the airport as an opportunity for the development of tourism and specific forms of tourism.
PL
Infrastruktura turystyczna jest jednym z głównych elementów umożliwiających rozwój turystyki oraz rekreacji. Stanowi również o przewadze konkurencyjnej danego miejsca, niejednokrotnie będąc skutkiem procesów urbanistycznych na obszarach, które z założenia pełnią zupełnie inne funkcje społeczno-gospodarcze. Tak jest w przypadku nowych struktur urbanistycznych, jakimi są aerotropolia, powstałe w rezultacie zintegrowanego planowania i zarządzania dużymi lotniskami oraz strefami okołolotniskowymi. Głównym celem pracy jest przedstawienie procesu rozwoju infrastruktury turystycznej na terenie aerotropolis oraz podkreślenie roli powstałych inwestycji dla całego obszaru wokół Hong Kong International Airport. W artykule opisano procesy związane z rozbudową infrastruktury turystycznej w obrębie aerotropolis na wyspie Lantau. Odniesiono się do kilku podsystemów, w skład których wchodzą m.in.: lotnisko międzynarodowe Hong Kong International Airport, miasto Tung Chung (nazywane również Tung Chung New Town), Hong Kong Disneyland Resort oraz Ngong Ping 360. Publikacja ma charakter opisowy i poglądowy, opiera się na analizie literatury przedmiotu oraz zasobów internetowych. Podjęte w niej rozważania odnoszą się do konkretnego przypadku, a więc uwzględniają charakter i specyfikę rynku lokalnego. Opisany przykład potwierdza, że fizjonomia lotnisk i stref okołolotniskowych w urbanistycznej strukturze ulega istotnym zmianom. Z obiektów służących niemal wyłącznie realizacji potrzeb transportowych stają się przestrzeniami wielofunkcyjnymi, które w bliskości lotniska upatrują szans dla rozwoju ruchu turystycznego oraz konkretnych form turystyki.
EN
In the course of archaeological rescue works before the A1 motorway building in 2008 in Nowa Wieś site 6, Włocławek commune, relics of a late medieval and modern manorial farm and a late medieval manor house were recognized. The most numerous group of artifacts included crushed pottery from among which 12 fragments of so-called Hussite pottery have been distinguished (table I, II). The fragments come from at least 6 containers, including 5 wheel-made ones, made of clay with an admixture of ne-grained sand and one fragment from strongly lathed vessel made of identical ceramic mass as the wheel-made vessels. The containers in the passage between the belly and the short, weakly accentuated necks were decorated with horizontal bands of impressed with the use of a knurl letters. The preserved edge parts of most probably 4 pots have similarly shaped rims (table I: 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, II: 1–4,9). During the ring in reducing atmosphere all the fragments became grey (RAL 7033) to dark grey (RAL 7012) on their inner and outer surfaces. The fractures were 0.3–0.5 cm thick, in 8 cases were one-coloured (g. 2: 1), grey (RAL 7033) or darkgrey (RAL 7012), in other cases – two-coloured (g. 2: 2) with grey-light brown centre (RAL 8001). On all the specimens not big chips in places of white grains of marl or gypsum occurrence were registered (g. 3). No special dispersion of the artifacts has been stated at the site. Only 1 fragment was explored in a pit (object A219), in the lling containing materials of chronology dened as the 16th century. The other were registered in objects and cultural layer, which occurred in the late modern period, in llings containing materials dated to the 15th to 18th centuries. A characteristic ornament of letters, letter-like signs and letters impressed with a rotary stamp in the described collection appears in 4 variants (g. 4). In 2 cases a full turn of the knurl consists of a row of 5 letters (variants II and III; g. 5: 1, 2), in one case – 6 signs (variant IV; g. 5: 3). In the collection from Nowa Wieś most frequent capital letters are: S in a mirror image, G u-turned, M turned left or right at a right angle, B written properly and u-turned, and D impressed properly or u-turned. In the period of the spread of the Hussite ideas in Kuyavia certain sequences of capital letters registered on vessels conveyed denite content to the initiated people. With time, signs transferred by potters with the use of another knurls became only symbols of religious-social movements (in the 16th century), and later they were only kinds of decoration (cf. Kajzer 1988, 1994; Andrzejewska 1997). It should be emphasized that on one fragment in metopes some signs have been recognized, which accompanied an inscription "maria", registered on a late medieval vessel from Kozi Hrádek in Czech. What is also worth attention is a complicated geometrical ornament and a horizontal band formed by 10 wavy parallel lines identied on a bowl (table III: 1, 2), direct analogies to which are found on late medieval vessels decorated with inscriptions from Czech. Probably not only letters made with the use of a knurl should be treated as an ornament typical of so-called Hussite pottery.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie Pragi w kontekście postaci Franza Kafki. Na początku autorzy opisują życie pisarza i jego związki z rodzinnym miastem. Druga część artykułu odnosi się do obrazu Pragi przedstawionego w pracach Kafki oraz do Kafki w praskiej przestrzeni miejskiej. Obecnie autor Procesu jest popularnym symbolem stolicy Republiki Czeskiej. Dlatego też w ostatniej części artykułu autorzy koncentrują się na różnorodnych działaniach marketingowych związanych z Franzem Kafką. Na końcu podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie dlaczego Kafka jest tak popularny wśród odwiedzających z całego świata.
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