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  1. 2 Semina Scientiarum

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  1. 2 2009

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  1. 2 Gomulka J.

  2. 1 Szafranski M.

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1

THE QUESTION OF HETEROLOGICALITY IN PAPERS OF NATHANIEL LAWRENCE AND GILBERT RYLE (Zagadnienie heterologicznosci w pracach Nathaniela Lawrence'a i Gilberta Ryle'a)

100%
Gomulka J.
Semina Scientiarum
|
2009
|
vol. 8
45-55
EN
In his paper the author presents and discusses two attempts to dismiss the so called Grelling Paradox taken at the beginning of 1950's by two representatives of Oxford analytic philosophy: Nathaniel Lawrence and Gilbert Ryle. The Grelling Paradox is a semantic self-referential paradox and is built on the general dichotomy of adjectives: every adjective is either autological or heterological; the former means that an adjective can be described by itself, the latter means that it cannot. Since 'autological' and 'heterological' are also adjectives, the question raises whether they are autological or homological. According to Lawrence there is a hierarchy of levels of the meaning of the word 'word'. Ryle suggests that both Grelling's predicates belong to the specific kind of linguistic adjectives: they are in a sense incomplete symbols. The author finds Lawrence's solution inadequate and present an argument against it. On the other hand, Gilbert Ryle's idea seems to be correct.
2

WITTGENSTEINIAN 'FORM OF LIFE' AND BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF GRAMMAR (Wittgensteinowska 'forma zycia' i biologiczne podstawy gramatyki)

63%
Gomulka J., Szafranski M.
Semina Scientiarum
|
2009
|
vol. 8
56-78
EN
The aim of this paper is twofold: firstly, the author attempts to present Wittgenstein's later philosophy as coherent with neuroscientific investigations of human linguistic abilities; secondly he sketches a picture of the current neuroscience in order to find the coherent solution to the problem of 'hard' basis of the grammar. The central role in his presentation of Wittgenstein's philosophy of language is played by the concept of the 'form of life'. He describes two most common interpretations of this concept. At the first glance it seems to refer to the common but culture-related and conventional set of practices which serve as a ground for linguistic behaviour inside a community. However, the totally contingent base of the language cannot explain many obviuos human abilities with the capability to learn the mother tongue in the first place. Neither this is Wittgenstein's point, for certain occurances of the concept of 'form of life' refer to something much more stable and cross-cultural than just a convention regarding practices. The author bounds this meaning of the concept to another key notion of a 'primitive reaction'. The question concerning biological basis of human cognitive abilities in language formation and understanding is then addressed in order to explain some of the characteristics of the remarks presented by Wittgenstein. He addresses the problem of the nativity of general and particular language rules, trying to find common and undisputable ground for further discussion regarding syntactic and semantic features of language communication. The inconclusive results of modern research lead to the cautious notion of compatibility of Wittgenstein's philosophy of language and the cognitive theories of cross-culturally interchangeable grammar basis. In the summary he presents the view of language as imperfect tool of communication hoping to develop more precise and adequate model of cognitive grammar consistent with the philosophy of the second Wittgenstein.
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