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EN
The paper analyzes the in fluence of the income on the dynamics of the cost of living in the households of the socialized sector employees in 1983. The indices were estimated for each individual household and, simultaneously, due to the lack of appropriate information on prices, as implified assumption was made. Under th is assumption a set of representative commodities and service s was identical for all the households and only systems of index weights were differentiated. The influence of the income on the dynamics of cost of living in households was studied through the observations of the levels of indices in different income groups and through the application of statistical models of the cost of living in dices. As a result of the research i t was ascertained that the level of in dices estimated in 1983 was increasing according to the increase in household incomes.
EN
In order to forecast income distributions of population, we can make use of, among others, stochastic processes. These processes can be used to determine probabilities of transition of households from one income class to another. The paper attempts to present an application of homogenous Markov chains in the process of forecasting the income structure of six socio-economic groups of population in Poland for the years 2004, 2006 and 2008. Forecasts are based on results of individual household budgets surveys.
PL
Do prognozowania rozkładów dochodów ludności wykorzystywane być mogą m. in. procesy stochastyczne służące do określania wielkości prawdopodobieństw przejścia gospodarstw domowych z określonej grupy dochodowej do innej. W opracowaniu podjęto próbę wykorzystania jednorodnych łańcuchów Markowa do sporządzania prognoz struktury dochodów sześciu grup społeczno-ekonomicznych ludności w Polsce dla lat 2004, 2006 i 2008. Podstawę szacunków stanowiły wyniki badań budżetów indywidualnych gospodarstw domowych.
EN
The paper deals with the analysis of the reasons of the differences between goods and services (living costs) price indices. The assumption on which it is based is the fact that there are no grounds to reject hypothesis that the change in the living costs of households is the result of the differences in this population with respect to certain socio-economic, demographic and territorial attributes. The period of the investigation covers the years 1980-1996. The set of factors whose influence on the dynamics of living costs is investigated, comprises socioprofessional group, household income, household size and household location as well as the age and education of household head. The analysis was carried out in two directions i.e. the influence of the chosen factor on the change of prices was observed through appropriate grouping of household, while the assessment of the simultaneous influence of some attributes was made with the help of statistical models, in which living costs index was the explained variable.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę zbadania wpływu wybranych czynników na wielkość i zróżnicowanie indeksów cen towarów i usług konsumpcyjnych. Wpływ wyróżnionego czynnika na zmienność cen oceniany jest poprzez zastosowania odpowiedniego grupowania gospodarstw domowych, natomiast ocena jednoczesnego wpływu ustalonych zmiennych na dynamikę cen towarów i usług przeprowadzona została na podstawie statystycznych modeli indeksów kosztów utrzymania. Analizą objęto lala charakteryzujące się głęboką nierównowagą rynkową i wysoką dynamiką cen towarów i usług (lata osiemdziesiąte) oraz okres względnie zrównoważonego popytu z podażą towarów i usług na rynku, charakteryzujący się stosunkowo umiarkowanym wzrostem ich cen (wybrane lata dziewięćdziesiąte).
EN
This paper presents some important earlier results of the research concerning the properties of the distribution of the quotient of random variables. We present also our own ideas and results of the research concerning the mean and the variance of the distribution of the quotient of random quadratic forms.
EN
In this paper we propose a construction of the aggregative index of work efficiency. The proposed system of weights is based on theoretical considerations over the situation in which the number of observations - coming from some of the considered enterprises - is insufficient. In the first part of this paper we consider a group of N - enterprises and two periods of their activity. We propose a construction of index to compare the periods taking into consideration the work efficiency. Next we consider the case when we intend to measure the average, one-period dynamics of the efficiency of work, having data from T>2 periods. We construct a new index which is a more general version of the previous index.
PL
W pracy zaproponowano konstrukcję agregatowego indeksu wydajności pracy. Proponowany system wag wynika z teoretycznych rozważań nad sytuacją, gdy liczba obserwacji pochodzących od któregoś z analizowanych przedsiębiorstw jest niewystarczająca. W pierwszej części pracy rozważania dotyczą grupy N - przedsiębiorstw i dwóch okresów ich funkcjonowania. Podajemy konstrukcję indeksu dla porównania tych okresów z punktu widzenia wydajności pracy. Następnie rozważamy przypadek, gdy chcemy zmierzyć przeciętną, jedno-okresową dynamikę wydajności pracy posiadając dane pochodzące z T>2 okresów. Konstruujemy nowy indeks stanowiący ogólniejszą wersję poprzedniego indeksu.
EN
The aim of the analysis was to estimate the necessary labour resources for the Polish agriculture till 1990 proceeding from the assumption of changes in ownership structure and land utiliization in the period between 1900 and 1990. In this connection it became neeeaaary to analyze the following probléme in the it became neeeaaary to analyze the following probléme in the article: - perspective changes in area of arable lands, - predicted agrarian structure in target year, - problem of supplying arable lands with professionally active population (density of employment), - variant estimate of indispensable labour resources according to ownership structure (including share of people employed in the agricultural service sector). The area of arable lands in the Polish agriculture in 1990 was estimated at ca. 18.5 million hectare. In one variant it is assumed that 36,4 percent of these lands will be used by the socialized agricultural sector. With such a structure of land use it can be expected that the average employment density in the whole Polish agriculture will amount to 18.8 person per 100 hectare of arable land. This implies a necessity of employing 4.146 thousand persons in the entire agricultural sector with 16 percent of this number employed in the agricultural service sector.
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