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1

K JEDNÉMU POKUSU O EVOLUČNÉ VYSVETLENIE MORÁLKY

100%
Spodniak S.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2020
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vol. 75
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issue 7
584 – 595
EN
The aim of the paper is to critically analyse one of the many attempts to explain the origin of our morality using evolutionary theory. Specifically, this paper deals with an anthropological theory presented by Curry, Mullins and Whitehouse in which they predict existence of seven universal moral patterns. They assume that these patterns and morality as such are a biological and cultural response to a need to establish cooperation in human societies. Several weaknesses of their moral theory are pointed out with the conclusion that their theory may be able to explain why it is advantageous with respect to natural selection to prefer certain behaviour, but not why we attribute moral evaluations to a given behaviour. Therefore, their theory does not provide a reason to regard moral elements analysed in the paper as evolutionarily acquired adaptations.
2

UTILITARIZMUS AKO PRAKTICKÁ VOĽBA S EMPIRICKOU PODPOROU V ETIKE JOSHUU GREENA – KRITICKÁ REFLEXIA

100%
Spodniak S.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2021
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vol. 76
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issue 6
451 – 464
EN
The aim of this paper is to critically analyse Joshua Greene’s arguments in favour of utilitarianism and against deontology. There are two main arguments with which Greene supports his utilitarian ethical position. The first is meta-ethical argument, which redefines the purpose of ethics as a search for those moral norms and principles that fulfil our practical need to resolve moral conflicts in the most successful way. The second argument is based on Greene’s psychological research on trolley problems. The thesis of this paper is that the stated arguments do not sufficiently justify favouring utilitarianism over deontology. It is an unjustified belief that the aim of ethics should be the search for the most successful way to resolve moral conflicts. There is at least one alternative position, according to which the role of ethics is to find the best way to deal with human vulnerability and dependence on other members of society. Acceptance of this interpretation of ethics would inevitably lead to acceptance of the deontological language of appeals to moral duties and obligations, which Greene rejects.
3

PERSPEKTÍVY INFERENCIALIZMU V SÉMANTIKE MORÁLNEHO DISKURZU

63%
Spodniak S., Kováčová D.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2022
|
vol. 77
|
issue 3
205 – 221
EN
The aim of the paper is to point out that semantic inferentialism is a suitable semantic theory of moral discourse. This aim is pursued by comparison of semantic inferentialism with another two popular semantic approaches to moral discourse, namely representational and expressivist approaches. While the representionalism claims that statements gain their meanings by representing certain states of affairs, the expressivist semantics claims that the meanings of moral statements consist in the emotions or desires we express by them. Thesis of this paper is that semantic inferentialism is a promising semantic theory of moral discourse because it allows us to take the position that moral statements are meaningful without assuming the existence of controversial entities in the form of objective ethical facts, and at the same time, it does not require us to interpret moral discourse merely as a means for expressing our emotions and desires.
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