Search results

1

Inwentaryzacje pomiarowe zabytków architektury w Polsce

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Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1952

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issue ZESZYT SPECJALNY

1-3

2

Mury i Barbakan Starej Warszawy

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Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1953

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issue 2-3

93-106

3

W sprawie konserwacji Sukiennic

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Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1955

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issue 3

192-194

4

O polskiej szkole odbudowy i konserwacji zabytków

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Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1981

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issue 1-2

4-10

EN

The author considers a substantiation of the term „Polish conservation school” and describes stages of the development of the concept of conservation in Poland from the 18th century. He gives examples o f intentional damages and depreciation o f Polish historic monuments during annexations and also o f initiatives taken by conservators and historians. At that time one could see various trends to emerge in conservation methods displaying features of school, to mention only Viollet-le-Duc in France and A. Riegel in Austria. The methods met also a vivid response in Poland, which can be seen in the reconstruction o f the cathedral at Włocławek and of the Cloth Hall in Cracow. Of particular importance were the ideas o f A. Riegel, who showed moderation and tried to find compromise solutions. Such a rational restraint in establishing the direction of monuments conservation adjusted to the conditions and fate of historic monuments in Poland displayed, already at that time, features o f the Polish school favouring, first and foremost, care for a proper form and durability o f monuments o f the national culture and not ambitions o f architectural creativity. In 1918, after the regaining o f independence by Poland conservation services were established and the law on the protection of monuments was enforced in 1928. The definition o f a monument covered all kinds o f human activity and was not time-restricted. It was also then that works on the rebuilding o f monuments destroyed during the war were undertaken, with the main emphasis put to restore the splendour o f royal castles in Warsaw and in Cracow. The operative principle was „to preserve and not to restore” , although the majority o f European projects consisted in restoration. The Conservation Congress in Athens (1931) recommended to avoid the reproduction of destroyed monuments but it did not repudiate the process totally in view o f some inevitable events. The period of People’s Poland II came to an end in 1938 with the statement made by A. Lauterbach, a Polish art historian, who said that the fate o f Polish monuments during the war of 1914—1918 made it impossible to apply the principle „to preserve and not to restore” in its pure form and that restoration and even reproduction o f monuments was a must. After the World War II this statement assumed the form of a concrete work programme (the execution o f old town complexes in, i.a., Warsaw, Gdańsk, Poznań). In the opinion of renowned historians o f architecture (R. Pane) and theoreticians of conservation (W. Frodl) the rebuilding o f monuments in Poland after 1945 was an exceptional and political task. According to the author o f this article, because o f its exceptionality and particular conditions in which monuments were rebuilt, one can hardly talk about „the Polish school o f conservation” , as this is not a doctrine but an exception. A similar method was also used by the French to reconstruct the destroyed town o f Saint Malo. Polish monuments conservation boasts a long tradition of great efforts put into their protection, restoration and reconstruction. One could mention at this point (1) comprehensive studies accompanied by broad inventory works and monographic elaborations, (2) training o f personnel in various fields o f monuments conservation, (3) works on the revival of historic town centres, (4) the establishment in 1950 of the State Enterprise for Conservation of Art, and (5) permanent and active participation o f Polish representatives in international works (e.g. in ICOMOS). The author concludes that each school is linked with a definite philosophical doctrine which the Poles have not created but only applied the methods o f monuments conservation necessary in a given situation.

5

Udział państwa w opiece nad pomnikami kultury

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Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1948

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issue 1

2-6

FR

La dernière guerre a fo r tement endommagé bien des monuments de P o logne. Immédiatement après la guerre, 1111 groupe de conservateurs, fort bien préparés, s ’est mis au travail. Il s ’est e ffo r c é de résoudre à sa manière les problèmes de conservation dont la po r té e é ta it inou ïe jusque là. On 11e se bornait pas alors à conserves les monuments e x istan ts, mais, en bien des cas, comme à Varsovie, il fa llu t reconstruire des monuments entièrement détruits. On eut l’id é e de tirer pro fit des monumen ts et de les faire servir à la vie contemp o raine et sociale. Pour m ieu x assurer la réalisation de ces tâches, on organisa toute une série d ’ate lier s sp é c ia u x de conservation: d ’architecture, de peinture, de décoration et de g raphiq ue. On organisa aussi des études de conservation près l ’Académie de Beau x Arts de Varsovie et l’École Supérieure des Arts P la stiques de Cracovie. Lors des tr a v a u x de conservation, 011 se contenta au début d ’une assurance provisoire, mais ensuite, en 1946, 011 appliqua une manière du rable et cela dans 370 cas. La r éalisation de ces entreprises fut rendue possible grâce aux crédits adm in is tr a tifs du Ministère de la Culture et des Arts ainsi qu ’à c eu x du Plan P u b lic d ’inv e stissements. O 11 put alors ex écu te r les plus grands tra v au x d’a ssurance, en a p p liq u an t les moyens de construction modernes, comme pour l’ég lise de N o tr e -D am e à Gdańsk et la Cathédrale de Wrocław. Le - Service Public de C on se rv a tion a encore d ’autres tâches à remplir, entre autres s ’occuper des monuments dé truits par la guerre ainsi que des monuments ab an donnés de l’a r ch ite ctu re fo r tifié e d e s p a la is et des châ teaux . Des gardiens sp é c ia u x veillent sur les monuments inhabités. La so c iété v ien t ici ég a lem en t en aide, ce qui permet d ’espérer que la lutte pour la conservation de l ’a sp e c t de la c iv ilisa tio n po lon aise sera couronnée de succès.

6

Stare Miasto Warszawa wraca do życia

100%

Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1953

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issue 2-3

73-77

7

"Ochrona Zabytków" - sto zeszytów kwartalnika

100%

Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1973

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issue 1

1

8

Sekcja Ochrony i Konserwacji Pomników Architektury, Komitetu Architektury, Urbanistyki i Budownictwa Polskiej Akademii Nauk

100%

Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1961

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issue 3-4

117

9

Odbudowa Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie (Prace Komisji Architektoniczno-Konserwatorskiej Obywatelskiego Komitetu Odbudowy Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie)

100%

Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1973

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issue 1

13-20

EN

Pro b lem s co nnected w ith re co n s tru c tio n of W a rs aw ’s Royal Castle co n stitu tin g a m o n um en t of P o lish c u ltu r e a re d e a lt w ith by th e a u th o r from th e p o in t of view of A rc h ite c tu ra l R e sto ra tio n Section, one of those ac tin g w ith in th e N a tio n a l Committee fo r R e c o n stru c tion. T h e re can n o t be an y d o u b t to d ay th a t th e m o tiv a tio n s lead in g to decision to s ta r t th e C a s tle ’s r e co n stru c tio n a fte r tw e n ty e ig h t y e a rs th a t e lap s ed from th e en d of th e World War II an d tw e n ty y e a rs a fte r reb u ild in g of th e Old Town S e ttin g h av e b e en wid e ly echoed among th e Poles b o th liv in g in th e ir n a tiv e c o u n try an d abroad. I t should, however, be b o rn e in min d th a t th e re b u ild in g of th e Royal Castle c an in no w ay be co nsidered as a simple re co n s tru c tio n of some k in d of a fu ll-s c a le mo d el of a d e stru c te d a rc h ite c tu ra l object. Of th e o rig in a l b u ild in g w e re p re s e rv ed co n sid e rab le p o rtio n s of its fo u n d a tio n s, of w a lls th a t su rv iv ed in situ an d also huge amo u n ts of stone elem en ts, a rc h ite c tu ra l an d s c u lp tu ra l decorations as w e ll as th o se belo n g in g to a rc h ite c tu ra l o u tfit of its in te rio rs an d , fin a lly , of pieces in its fo rm e r life tim e fo rmin g its m o v ab le e q u ip m e n t as, fo r in s tan c e , th e p a in tin g s , fu rn itu r e , sc u lp tu re s , bronzes an d th e like. T h u s th e w hole p ro je c t m ay be de sc rib ed a s th a t p a r tia lly re s to ra tiv e a n d co n se rv a tin g in its c h a ra c te r. Th e comp lex ity of h is to ric a l processes by w h ich th e a rc h ite c tu ra l forms of th is o b je c t w e re sh ap ed re q u ir es th a t a ran g e of th e d e e p -ra n g in g s tu d ie s a n d s u r veys be mad e to achieve th e ir re s titu tio n in fo rms th a t would be in fu ll a c co rd an ce w ith th e b u ild in g ’s o rig in a l c h a ra c te r. At th e same time d u rin g th e course of reb u ild in g m u s t also be k e p t b e fo re th e eyes th e C a s tle ’s fu tu re social fu n c tio n s of w hich th e fa c t a need a rise s to in tro d u c e a ra n g e of new eq u ipm e n t a n d in s ta lla tio n s upon whom w ill g re a tly dep en d th e smooth a n d p ro p e r fu n c tio n in g of th e e n tire b u ild in g . With th is im men se a n d ex c ep tio n a lly ta sk w e re e n tru s te d b o th th e A rc h ite c tu ra l R e sto ra tio n Section of th e N a tio n a l Committee fo r Re co nstru c tio n a n d a s ta te -ow n e d Comp an y k n ow n as A te lie rs fo r C o n se rv a tio n of C u ltu ra l P ro p e rty being th e chief co n tra c to r. The ra n g e of ta sk s fo r w h ich w as mad e re sp o n sib le th e Section alone comp rised th e outlin in g of a rc h ite c tu ra l an d re s to ra tiv e me a su re s, th e p re p a rin g of p ro g ram m a tic an d fu n c tio n a l p rin c ip le s, th e considering an d ap p ro v in g of a rc h ite c tu ra l designs, of e lab o ra tio n s co v e rin g th e p ro b lems of re c o n s tru c tio n an d also m a k in g of decisions concerning th e m a te ria ls re q u ire d an d basic technical problems. A lre ad y considered w e re th e o u tlin e s a n d proposals as to th e b u ild in g ’s a rc h ite c tu ra l solid, its a rc h ite c tu ra l o u tfit an d sev e ra l te ch n ic a l in s ta lla tio n s w ith w hich th e o b ject w ill be pro v id ed . Wh a t co ncerns th e Ca stle ’s su rro u n d in g it has b e en s ta te d th a t th e C a stle Sq u a re will re q u ire some am o u n t of a lte ra tio n s a n d corrections of its p re s en t fo rms, an d e specially in th e im med ia te v ic in ity of th e Castle itse lf, ju s t lik e as of e sc a rpm en ts on th e side of th e E a st-W e st T h o ro u g h fa re an d th e te rra c e s closing to th e V istu la R iv e r b an k s. A fte r considering of pro p o sals su bm itte d th e p ro g ram m e h a s b e en a ccepted a t a P le n a ry Meeting of th e N a tio n a l Committee fo r R e co n stru c tio n of th e Royal Ca stle w h ich w a s h e ld on J u n e 30, 1971. The p re p a ra tio n of a d e ta iled design w a s connected w ith a g re a t deal of d ifficu ltie s as, among th e others, those re la tin g to an a p p ro p ria te sitin g of se rv ic e rooms an d fa c ilitie s in th e re b u ilt Castle w hich, a p a r t from its fu tu re re p re s e n ta tiv e fu n c tio n s, w ill also house a Museum. A n um b e r of serious p ro b lem s w e re e n co u n te red wh ile p re p a rin g th e p lan s of c e n tra l h e a tin g , a ir-c o n d itio n in g an d v e n tila tio n . The w o rk s on th e sketch design solutions h a d to be c a rrie d o u t p a ra le lly as th e d eadlock for th e ir completion w a s se t on Novemb e r 30, 1971. To fin ish th e w o rk acco rd in g to tim e -ta b le th e d esig n ers of v a rio u s sp e c ia lisa tio n s h a d to devote a m ax im um of th e ir effort. However, th e ir p u n c tu a lity made it possible to s ta r t th e w o rk s on th e b uilding site w ith in a p la n n ed time. The to ta lly fin ish ed in its raw sta te sh e ll of Royal Castle, in c lu d in g th e roofs on its towers, w ill be re ad y on Ju ly 22, 1974. Both ra n g e an d scale of co n stru c tio n an d re s to ra tio n w o rk s c a rrie d out on th e h is to ric a l re sid en c e of th e Polish Kings may be d escrib ed as those gigantic. A good d eal of time w ill be re q u ired to complete th e o utfit of its rooms w h e re n um e ro u s h ig h -p re c isio n an d tim e consuming c ab in e t m a k e r’s, p la s te r e r ’s, b ra z ie r’s an d p a in te r ’s w o rk s a re to be executed.

10

Nowe odkrycia w dziedzinie architektury romańskiej w Polsce

100%

Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1948

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issue 1

14-27

FR

Les tra v aux de conservation et de recherches opé r és dans diverses parties de la Pologne ont apporté un certain nombre de curieuses dé couvertes d ’a r ch ite ctur e romane. L’auteur, ne désirant que les communiquer à ses lecteurs, se contente de les esquisser. La plms importante est c elle qui a mis à nu les piliers d ’entre les ne fs de la basiliqu e de S t r z e 1 n o. Lorsqiron eut en lev é le murage du XV III-e s., on v it apparaître la riche décoration de sculptu re des colonnes du X I-е s., décoration qui recouvrait aussi bien les fûts que les bases et les ch a p ite a u x . D e u x d ’entre les quatre colonnes dé couvertes ont un e décoration de figures,- a vec 36 représentations de sa ints ou de figures sym b o liq ue s dans des cadres architectoniques. Les deux autres colonnes ont une décoration ornementale. T1 n’y a dé décoration de figures que sur les ch ap iteau x . Cette décoration des colonnes qui prouve une interprétation toute po lon aise de la pla stiq ue rom ane est une dé couverte des plus importantes; e lle permet d’élucider le problèm e de l ’atelier a r tistique qui app araissait de plus en plus nettement dans la P o lo gn e du XIT-e s. Ces sculptures acquièrent une importance encore plus grande si 011 les compare a u x vestig es romans de Cz erwińsk, de Turn près de Ł ę c zy ca ou des portails de Gniezno et de Płock. Les scu lp ü ire s de Strzelno se ra tta chent à l ’a c tiv ité de la fam ille des Łabędź, et pa r ticu lièremen t de Pierre Wszeborowicz. A T v n i e c (voïev. de Cracovie), on a découvert, pendant la guerre, dans la partie sud de l ’ég lise le fragment d’une chap e lle romane allon g ée , a vec des colon ne ttes adossées et un portail à redans, ainsi que les murs inférieurs du réfe cto ire roman dans la partie du couvent. Lors des tra v a u x de conservation op é r és à S u l e j ó w (voïev. de Łódź), on a découvert, dans le mur oriental du choeur, 3 fenêtres de sty le roman a v anc é , ainsi que le fragment d ’une ch ap e lle a vec une pe tite fenêtre romane. O11 a ég a lem en t découvert toute une série de fragments de la ta ille de pierre romane. En 1946 et 47, on a découvert les ébrasures prim itiv e s des fenêtres des tours romanes de l ’ég lise de st André à C racovie , du XI/XII s., des parties de co lon ne s e t des bases. La dé couverte la plus curieuse est celle d’une tribune e x té r ieu r e entre les tours, avec une ouv erture de triphorium, des colonnes fort bien conservées et leurs chap iteau x . ' Les recherches opé r ée s dans l’é g lis e baroque a c tu e lle des PP. P aulin s à S k a ł k a (Cracovie), ont amené la découverte, dans le mur sud de l’ég lise , des fon d a tion s d ’une construction é ta b lie sur un plan rectangulaire, p eut-ê tre même carré. Le prof. Szy szko -B oh ùsz, qui dirige les recherches, su p p o se — d’après une mention de D łu g o sz sur un e „Ecclesia rotunda“ qu’il s ’a g it là des fond a tion s d ’une rotonde. La rotonde de st N ico la s, à C i e s z y n , est construite sur le p lan d ’un cercle de 6,50 m. de diamètre inté rieu r et des murs de 1,30 m. d’épa isseur . A l’est, une abside d’un rayon de 1,40 m. se rattache au cercle du mur; la voûte de l’abside e st une demi-coupole, c e lle de la rotonde, une coupole entière. A l ’in té rieu r de la rotonde en fa c e de l ’absid e, on a trouv é les bases des colonnes, 2 à part dans la n e f et 4 adossées qui sou ten a ien t la tribune du choeur. Un e sc a lier c reu sé dans l’épaisseur du mur m en a it au choeur. Ëtant donné le m anq ue de mentions écrites, le revêtement ulté rieu r en brique et le manque de d é ta ils, il est d iffic ile d ’é tablir l ’époque à la q u e lle remonte cette construction. On ne peut que constate r son app a rtenan ce au g roupe de constructions centrales répandues chez les Tchèques au début du m o y en â g e et qui se rattachent au sp lend ide pro to type — la rotonde de st Guy à P ra gu e (930). A G n i e z n o , on a déterré les fond a tion s d ’une chape lle ronde à 3 ab sides, à côté de la Cathédrale. Ces fon d a tion s ava ien t été découvertes, dès 1932, par l’év êq u e Laubitz et a v a ien t é té reconnues par le prof. Szy szko -Boh usz et Da lbo r pour les ve stig es d’une anc ien ne rotonde romane. L’observation du mur fit constater à l’auteur que ces fond a tion s proviennent de la chape lle de Łaski, construite au XVI-e s. D ’après les recherches de l ’auteur, la rotonde p r im itiv e qui contena it la d épou ille de st Albert, s e trouvait à l’intérieur de la cathédra le actuelle. L’auteur a retrouvé les restes de ces fondations lors des fouille s de 1947.

11

Kształcenie konserwatorów na Wydziale Architektury Politechniki Warszawskiej

100%

Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1971

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issue 2

123-125

EN

In curricula of studies at the Faculty of Architecture, Technical University, Warsaw from its beginings datin back to 1915 up to the present day has been included as subject the conservation of monuments with a total of ab,out 30 hours of lectures in the course of the fourth year. These lectures have as their general purpose to make the fu tu re architect fam'iliar with problems of conservation of monuments and also with those connected with their adaptation to requirements of modern life. A specialized training in this field is being conducted within the Faculty in form of post-graduaUon courses of conservation which have been made accessible not ,only for architects but also for those representing other disciplines and through their everyday professional work linked with problems of monument protection. ,The curriculum of this two-year course covers the following lines: theory of conservation of monuments, h'istory of building a rt in Poland, methodology of investigations, survey and photographic records, technical problems involved in conservation of monuments, the scope of restorers work, revaluation of historical centres of towns, landscape protection, legal and organizational problems. The above courses have been started in 1970 and it is likely that their curriculum will be subjected to some modifications as a result of experiences gathered.

12

O metodach ochrony i rewaloryzacji historycznych ośrodków miejskich

100%

Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1972

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issue 1

5-6

EN

Both the Polish and international experiences are apparently showing th a t the way to effective prese rvation and rehabilitation of historical centres within the urban organisms is to be considered as one extremely difficult as it requires from those responsible for it to be many-sidedly acquainted with the structure and life of a given town, with directions and trends governing its transformation and reconstruction and above the all to control these transformations in a manner enabling the putting into effect all theses and requirements set forth by conservators. On this way a need will arise to make the use of methods which might be divided into the following three groups: I. Cognition through historical studies, detailed inventorying surveys of the present state (using both architectural and town-planning methods), architectural investigations (using a method of historical stratification of objects investigated), testing technical conditions, inventorying survey of technical equipment, analysis of actual use, demographic data; II. Defining the range and directions for preservation and rehabilitation through establishing of protection zone for a given site, delimitating of detailed protection areas, detailed studies for the centre’s development, proposals and drafts for infrastructure, preliminary economical appraisal of works undertaken; III. Detailed planning of action — determining the p a rt played by the centre within the town’s general plan, defining and locating the programme of utilization, dislocation and translocation of inhabitants, defining the stages of realisation and detailed economical appraisal.

13

Problemy restytucji Zamku Królewskiego w Warszawie

100%

Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1979

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issue 1

3-18

EN

Referring to the article published in 1973 in the magazine „The Protection o f Historical Monuments” on the assumptions and programme set by the Architectural Conservation Board o f the National Committee for the reconstruction o f the Royal Castle in Warsaw this paper presents a number o f problems involved in carrying out the plan. For the sake o f clarity the term „restitution” is used throughout the text to describe activities aimed at the reerection of the Warsaw Royal Castle. Other generally applied terms like „restoration” , „reconstruction” , „rebuilding” or „anastyloza” cannot be applied in this context as they do not convey the whole idea. In the case of the Royal Castle in Warsaw the term „restitution” means not only the reproduction of works but also the restoration and reconstruction o f authentical parts and fragments which have been saved (apart from old foundations and cellars rooms which were preserved, parts o f the walls as well as a large amount o f the details o f interior decorations o f the Castle have also been saved). And the dictionary meaning o f this term is „to restore the previous state to the object” and „to repair the damage or annul an injust decision” as in this case o f the destruction o f the Castle, a symbol od Polish history and culture. The first problem discussed herein are general assumptions o f the restitution o f the Castle adopted in 1973 and their execution in respect of foundations, walls and architectural external decor. The initial decision was to keep closely to the old outline o f the building as well as to the old level o f its foundations (the Castle Square is at a raised level, changed so after the building in 1948 o f new East-West Route and tunnel). To carry out this decision the Square had to be rebuilt in a kind of a kneading through depression descending from the surrounding houses and streets to the Castle. The plan was designed by Jan Bogusławski, who was also the author o f other projects connected with the Castle. This necessitated preserving all the remaining walls o f the Castle including foundation walls. That, again, was not an easy task as foundation walls were built at different depths and required reinforcing. There were also great basements and cellars preserved, with or without vaults, most o f which had to be reconstructed. In order to build cellars under the whole building for storing all kinds o f installations (like ventilation, heat exchangers, pumping plant, transforming station), some o f the foundations had to be deepened. To isolate the foundations from the incoming water a corridor was made from precast concrete elements that surrounded them; the other corridor runs along the internal foundation walls. Moreover, above all o f them a horizontal insulation made from leaden plates was placed, while electrically welded polyvinyl chloride sheets made their vertical insulation. A number o f serious technical problems was encountered when either reinforcing preserved walls and vaults or putting new ones up ; this was made possible, i.a., thanks to the assistance given by old artisans and to sophisticated techniques employed. As far as the roof is concerned, then according to original documents it should be covered with tiles. Still, during the present restitution it has been decided to make it o f steel and to cover it with heat insulation and with layers o f antidamp insulation with overflows. On top o f this roof a covering of tiles on laths was placed and thus a double roof was formed. All spires have been constructed of galvanized steel, planked and covered with copper sheets; balls and other metal decorations are made o f electrically gilded copper. Another difficult task was to find a suitable lightening conductor system that would keep with the general character of the Castle. It was finally agreed to put the system under the ridge tiles at the cable earthing all steel roof and spire constructions and the ground. The restitution o f the block and elevations o f the Castle also posed serious problems. The Castle structure and its elevations were a conglomeration o f systems and forms from different ages. The rule was to keep, if possible, unchanged the historic configuration of various parts o f the building and their appropriate elevations. If, however, the situation required it, necessary modifications were made. And thus, corner turrets and dormer windows were added to the west wing. It must however be noted at this point that the turrets were originally there (built in early 17th cent.) but got destroyed and disappeared from the Castle’s facade for 200 years. The same applies to the Town Tower which underwent a rich and stormy history and in the end regained its shape and condition from the 17th century, with only some modifications introduced. The external elevations of Vaza wing o f the Castle were rebuilt as they were before the war, with a number of necessary corrections made. And thus, just to give an example, the portal of the Town Gate ha been put in its right place; a large reconstructed cartouche with th< Vaza’s coat of arms was placed on the Sigismund’s Tower. Th< eastern elevation with its dominating Saxon section has been recon structed in conformity with its pre-war condition, with all the rich ness of the sculpture and decor. Some o f the ideas had to be drop ped : it was not possible, e.g. to build a balcony and columns in the Saxonian elevation to unite its recessed parts, and in turn, to have French windows in the Ballroom. The northern side to the Saxoniar elevation is adjoined by a new elevation, the Palace o f Weddings, built by J. Bogusławski in 1966—1969, on the place where the pre vious so called Baciarellowka was. It was also not so easy to decide how to rebuild the Gothic wing with uncovered 15th century walls : whether to reconstruct it fully in its Gothic form or to rebuild it as a smooth form o f a neutral wall with openings of the 17th and 18th century. After lengthy discussions it was decided to reconstruct the brick wall of the dimensions and surface quality of the old brick with repeating ogive blind windows, framed by profiled bricks. In order to show the remaining parts o f the Gothic walls, a ditch was made with a balustrade, in front o f the elevation. Another step was to restitute there the Ladislaus’ Tower. From the Ladislaus’ Tower up to the northeast corner, the Vaza’s elevation o f the north wing was restituted to its pre-war condition, except for some minor modifications. The real difference in the north elevation is the introduction of a balcony on cantilevers along the first floor. In all the elevations the entire interior sculpture decorations were restored along with the elements previously missing. In this way, the interior of the court presents a combination o f elevations from different centuries, illustrating changes made in the Castle in those periods. There were other problems as well, like restituting the character of window openings, and to match it to the elevation, restituting and restoring Castle’s decorations (cornices, stripes, window framings, portals, balcony cantilevers, etc). These problems were o f both architectural and technical nature. As far as interior restitution is concerned, the interiors of the Castle were divided into three categories according to the sphere of their restitution. The first category comprised the exact restitution o f space of rooms and living quarters with their full architectural furnishings, on the basis of measurements and photographic materials, inventory descriptions and remaining relics. It included the rooms on the first floor, the Stanislaus rooms, beginning with the Great Stairs to the room now called the Music Room as well as rooms on the ground floor in the Gothic wing. The second category referred to the restitution of accommodations to their previous sizes, divisions and forms with allowance for modifications, resulting from functional needs. The last category, i.e. the third one, concerned rooms with allowable alternations of layout, in accordance with functional needs. The Author o f this paper describes in great derail decorations to be made in individual rooms, pointing out also technical difficulties involved in it. Wherever possible original decor is to be preserved, and if not, it is to be reconstructed with great care. Perhaps worth mentioning at this point is the biggest reconstruction undertaking, i.e. to bring back the Senatorial Room (the room in which the vote on the Constitution o f the Third o f May was taken) to the Castle. The Senatorial Room was originally found in the Gothic wing of the Castle (the east part o f it), on the first floor. August II started its thorough rebuilding to a two-storey room with galleries, and August III moved it in 1740 to the west wing to its northern part, demolishing the living quarters existing there on the first and second floor. Further modifications were introduced in the Stanislaus period and then again in the 19th century. The last change was made by Nicolaus I who ordered the Senatorial Room to be demolished. It was parted by a vault in two storeys, and by many small walls as office rooms, to remain in this condition until 1939. In view of its rich history and significance, the reconstruction of the Senatorial Room — called now the Constitution Room — is fully justified. It will be the most decorative and the largest, after the Ballroom, room o f the Royal Castle, just as it used to be in its early days. A lot o f attention during the restitution work was paid to the problem o f staircases and internal communication. For architectural reasons as well as for the purpose of the household management, some additional staircases have been introduced. Still, all the historical staircases (e.g. Large Staircase, stairs in the Ladislaus and Sigismund Towers) retain their old forms and execution.

14

Linus Birchler 1893-1967

100%

Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1967

|

issue 3

66-68

15

Działalność Wydziału Konserwatorskiego T.O.N.Z.P. w latach międzywojennych

100%

Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1958

|

issue 3-4

166-168

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Linus Birchler 1893-1967

Działalność Wydziału Konserwatorskiego T.O.N.Z.P. w latach międzywojennych