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1
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„Luźne” znaleziska żelaznych grotów oszczepów kultury przeworskiej z Wyżyny Sandomierskiej i jej obrzeża

100%
Florek M.
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
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2020
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issue 41
165-170
EN
The subject of the research are 5 spearheads from the villages: Leszczków, Rytwiany, Szczeka and Lubienia, in the Świętokrzyskie voivodeship. The artefacts, apart from the one from Szczeka, were found by accident, probably in the course of illegal searches with the use of metal detectors. The spearheads should be dated to the younger Pre-Roman period and the Roman period. They probably come from the destroyed cremation graves from the unknown so far cemeteries of the Przeworsk culture.
2
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Badania ratownicze osady wczesnośredniowiecznej w Głazowie, stan. 22, pow. sandomierski

100%
Florek M.
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
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2020
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issue 41
171-178
EN
In 2005, rescue excavations were carried out at site 22 (discovered a year earlier) in Głazów. Their aim was to record and explore the features visible in the high balk. Two of the examined features were the remains of smoking chambers (pits), and the third pit could be of an utility function. Based on the pottery sherds found inside, these features should be dated between the beginning of the 9th and the end of the 10th century. However, in the arable layer of the ground and on the surface of the site, there were mainly fragments of ceramics determined to the 12th – 13th centuries. This dating indicates the two-phase settlement of the early medieval site 22 in Głazów: the first phase – 9th – 10th (or the beginning of the 11th century); the second phase – 12th – 13th centuries. The village Głazów, which exists today, is a direct continuation of the settlement of the second phase.
3
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Rudnik nad Sanem. Układ przestrzenny i przemiany topografii miasta od połowy XVI do końca XIX wieku

100%
Florek M.
Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia
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2012
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vol. 7
497-530
EN
Rudnik on the San River is an example of one of the first private foundations of a town in Sandomierz Land, which was to become the administrative and economic centre of a small estate consisting of several villages and at the same time, due to its location by the Sandomierz– Przemyśl route and near the navigable San, it also took part in regional trade. The size and spatial arrangement of town reflected its needs in this context. Here we can see one of the first attempts in this area to apply the Renaissance concept of a private town combined with the owners seat. Full realization of this concept, as well as the development of the town in line with initial expectations, were hampered by frequent changes of ownership, their limited financial resources, competition from other private towns, and finally warfare in the second half of the seventeenth century with the consequent economic crisis.
4
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Osadnictwo obcoplemienne i obcoetniczne w okolicach Opatowa i Sandomierza we wcześniejszym średniowieczu w świetle źródeł archeologicznych i toponomastycznych

100%
Florek M.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2018
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issue 59
281-312
PL
By the end of the 10th century, the area of Opatów and Sandomierz was probably inhabited by a small tribe whose name has not been recorded in written sources. The establishment of a gord in Zawichost Podgórze before the end of the 9th century coupled with the emergence of a local cluster of pyre kurgan grave fields may be evidence of the arrival of new settlers from an area east of the Vistula. Inclusion of the Sandomierz area into the domain of the Wielkopolska Polans in the late 10th century resulted in disappearance of the existing tribal settlement structures which were replaced by new ones. This was related to the arrival to this area of individuals and groups representing the new Piast dynasty rule who came from other parts of the country or even from abroad. They included warriors from the ducal team, craftsmen, merchants as well as settlers relocated voluntarily or by force, possibly captives. As they represented different cultural traditions, their appearance has been well documented in archaeological sources. It also seems to be confirmed in toponymy. On top of the biggest number of Wielkopolska newcomers from the heart of the Piast dynasty domain, in the vicinity of Sandomierz and Opatów there could have also operated merchants related to the broadly defined Scandinavian and Russian culture as well as nomadic tribes, most probably Hungarians. The latter could have arrived as warriors, members of the ducal team, merchants or captives.
5
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Węgrzy w Małopolsce w X-XII wieku w świetle źródeł toponomastycznych i archeologicznych

100%
Florek M.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2023
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issue 64
169-196
EN
This article deals with the interpretation of toponyms and archaeological materials from early medieval Lesser Poland that may be associated with the Hungarians or the Khazar Kabars. So far, they have most often been interpreted as traces of invasions by Hungarians – nomads (single monuments) or the operations of watchtowers they established to control the passes through the Carpathians and subjugated the local Slavic population (the so-called Old Magyar cemetery in Przemyśl) in the late 9th and1st half of the 10th century. It could have been related to their participation in the armed squads of the Piasts or the Rurikiviks, the activities of Hungarian merchants or prisoner-of-war settlements. The dating and interpreting the so-called Old Magyar cemetery in Przemyśl remains an open issue until it is fully developed and the results published.
6
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Siekierka brązowa z miejscowości Senisławice, pow. kazimierski

100%
Florek M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2006
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vol. LVIII
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issue 58
377-388
EN
A bronze axe with socket and loop, so-called Schnabeltüllenbeil, recovered in 2002 when dredging the bed of an unnamed stream at Senisławice (comm. Opatowiec, distr. Kazimierza Wielka, woj. świętokrzyskie), may be classified by its form to the first variant of dziobata axes, acc. to J. Kuśnierz (1998, p. 10–12). Finds of this variant of such axes in Małopolska, dated to HaA1 – early HaA2, are considered to be the result of exchange with areas beyond the Carpathian Range, more exactly, the result of contacts maintained by the people of the górnośląsko-małopolska (Upper Silesia-Little Poland) Group and Tarnobrzeg Group of Lusatian Culture with Pilin Culture and early phases of Gáva Culture. The fact that the axe was discovered in a river bed, like a number of other bronzes dating from the same period suggests the piece’s special association with the watery environment, ie. its character of a votive offering.
7
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Wczesnośredniowieczny pochówek szkieletowy z Sandomierza

100%
Florek M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2006
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vol. LVIII
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issue 58
410-412
EN
In 2006 a destroyed inhumation burial dated to the 2nd half of 10–11th c. was discovered on top of Wzgórze Staromiejskie (Old Town Hill) in Sandomierz (site 45). Grave furnishings consisted of a knife and iron hoops, the remains of a wooden bucket (Fig 2). The grave presumably belongs to an as yet unidentified Christian ‘row’ cemetery, ie not attached to a church. This would be the fourth site recorded in the region of Sandomierz, the third in the town itself, which produced a skeleton grave furnished with a wooden bucket (Fig. 1).
8
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Cmentarzyska kultury pucharów lejkowatych na Wyżynie sandomierskiej. Historia i stan badań

100%
Florek M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2008
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vol. LX
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issue 60
98-123
EN
Our present archaeological record of funerary sites of the Funnel Beaker Culture (TRB) from the area of Sandomierz Upland – 38, includes 35 gravefields and 3 inhumations inside storage pits within settlements (Fig. 1). Out of this number, regular excavation was made of 12 cemeteries. Results from this research have been published, even if only in the form of brief reports on the fieldwork, or, as in the case of the recent discoveries at Czyżów Szlachecki and Złota, are at a stage of analysis. The most fully investigated cemetery is probably the one at Malice Kościelne, with an area of ca 1 000 m2 harbouring two trapeze-shaped megalithic tombs and flat graves close by. Another quite comprehensively investigated is site 3 at Pawłów, where an area of ca 1 400 m2 was subjected to five seasons of fieldwork. At Stryczowice (ca 1 000 m2) investigation was made of the eastern and central sections of three trapeze-shaped tombs and a flat inhumation cemetery nearby. At Broniszowice also, investigation was made only of the eastern and central area of a single large trapeze-shaped megalithic feature containing graves within, found under a so-called ‘tumulus A’. Excavation at the cemeteries was less extensive and yielding from 1 (Czyżów Szlachecki) to 7 graves (Dacharzów) occasionally with fragments of accompanying megalithic constructions (eg, Święcica and Czyżów). Research in the Sandomierz Upland has documented the presence of two classes of TRB cemeteries: megalithic, where next to flat inhumations are found large mortuary structures (tombs) with a stone-earth-timber construction (Fig. 2, 3, 10, 11) and non-megalithic, with flat graves only (Fig. 4, 5). There is some proof that the latter may be of later date than the megalithic cemeteries originating around the turn of the 3rd millennium BC or early during that millennium, ie, are associated with the late phase of the SE Group of TRB. As already mentioned, isolated burials inside storage pits are known from a number of settlements. The typical form of the tomb is on a plan of a high trapeze, oriented approximately along the E-W axis (Fig. 10), with a chamber in its wider eastern part containing the central grave covered by a mound, either having the form of two burial chambers parallel to each other or a single chamber, in which case it contains a double burial (Fig. 8:1.2). In both these types of cemeteries the prevailing form of burial are pit graves with various stone structures (pavement, settings, cists, etc); in non-megalithic cemeteries they invariably have a roughly E-W orientation, in megalithic cemeteries the orientation is E-W (most cases) or N-S (Fig. 6–9). The dominant form is single inhumation in an extended supine position. Double and, very rarely, triple burials are also noted. Some of the dead were given a different form of burial, eg, in a prone position, bound, disarticulated, secondary and fragmentary burials, which suggests some sort of anti-vampiric practices (Fig. 12). No significant differences were observed in the furnishing of the graves found in the megalithic and non-megalithic cemeteries, but it was observed that the flat graves associated with megalithic tombs had richer inventories than the central burials in the megalithic tombs. The burials inside storage pits within settlements followed the same rules of position and orientation documented in graves in the cemeteries.
9
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Nowożytny (?) grot oszczepu z Rudnika nad Sanem, pow. niżański, woj. podkarpackie

63%
Florek M., Stępnik T.
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
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2021
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issue 42
219-228
EN
An iron spearhead accidentally found in 2020 in the woods of Rudnik nad Sanem, was initially described as a piece of the spear and dated, on the basis of its shape, back to the Middle Ages, most probably to 10th–13th century. In the course of conservation work the remains of wood from the socket were restored. Wood species analysis revealed that the shaft was made of maple tree. C14 dating shows that it originated from Modern Period, most likely from the 17th century. In light of these discoveries one should conclude that the spearhead was not part of a spear, but of a javelin used as a hunting weapon, probably in the 17th century.
10
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Depozyt wiórów krzemiennych z Krowiej Góry koło Sandomierza (stan. 14. gm. Łoniów, woj. świętokrzyskie)

63%
Florek M., Zakościelna A.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2003
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vol. LVI
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issue 56
51-62
EN
Early in May 2001 a random discovery of “flint knives” was made during tree planting at the village Krowia Góra in south-central Poland (Fig. 1). According to the finder’s report a close-knit concentration of 13 blades occurred in clean sand at the depth of dozen-odd centimetres. The site lies within the valley bottom of the Vistula, on its upper Holocene sandy and alluvial terrace, situated about 150.10 m above the sea level. The blades were discovered inside the slope of an old abandoned river channel, a stretch of which at present contains a nameless stream flowing from the upland (Fig. 2). Sondage verification of the site led to the recovery of further blades and blade fragments also discovered in clean sand, where they rested at the depth of 35–45 cm from the present day ground level, about 10–15 cm below the bottom of the arable layer. The artefacts formed an irregular, 30 by 35 cm, concentration, showing no trace of having been inserted into the ground by digging. The blades rested in different positions – at a smaller depth, their position was horizontal or slightly diagonal, deeper down, it was nearly vertical. It is not certain whether this layout is original. The entire deposit (including the eighteen pieces discovered originally) consisted of twenty specimens: sixteen complete, one with a slightly fractured bulbar part, one with a fractured distal end, three bulbar and three distal blade fragments. It appears that all the surviving fragments and six of the intact pieces also fragmented at present, were damaged as a result of post-depositional processes. At the time of the accidental discovery the fragments of six pieces were lost, which suggests that the original blade deposit may have been much bigger. The finds show little evidence of use-wear or patina visible to the naked eye. All are made of waxy-chocolate hued chocolate flint with sparse light grey bands, with an on the whole thick cortex. The blades from Krowia Góra are macrolithic in parameter (Table 1). They were detached from single platform cores showing no preparation of the striking platform, as indicated by the natural butts noted in eighteen of the pieces, as opposed to just a single prepared butt. The butts are perpendicular to the blade axis. Analysis of dorsal sides shows them to be products of the early stages of exploitation of two or three cores. The blades could be refitted into four blocks (Fig. 5, cf fig. 3:1–4 and 4:1, and fig. 7, cf fig. 6:3.4 and 6:1.2, and fig. 8). Cultural attribution of the deposit is rather difficult. In the light of their parameters of the flint pieces their time of production and deposition can hardly predate the so-called metric caesura in Neolithic flint-knapping. This leaves us with two cultures: the Volhynian-Lublin Painted Pottery Culture and the Funnel Beaker Culture (cf B. Balcer 1975; 1983; A. Zakościelna 1996). In view of the morpho-metric attributes of the blades and their raw material, the authors are inclined to link the deposit with the Volhynian-Lublin Painted Pottery Culture.
11

Bulla antypapieża Jana XXIII odkryta w Brzeziu koło Opatowa

51%
Giergiel T., Florek M., Wróbel D.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
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2015
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vol. 63
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issue 2: Historia
25-47
PL
Artykuł analizuje odkryty na terenie wsi Brzezie k. Opatowa interesujący zabytek – połówkę ołowianego odcisku pieczęci papieskiej – bulli. Tego typu artefakty są zazwyczaj przechowywane w archiwach, w Polsce tylko około 10 bulli papieskich odkryto metodami archeologicznymi, zawsze nieopodal kościołów, a Brzezie jest jedyną miejscowością, gdzie odkryto bullę, w której nigdy nie było świątyni. Analiza sfragistyczna pozwoliła na identyfikację bulli z antypapieżem Janem XXIII. Został on zdeponowany w czasie soboru w Konstancji w 1415 r., lecz wystawił szereg dokumentów dotyczących ziem polskich i polskiego Kościoła, także dla instytucji i duchownych sandomierskich i opatowskich, które zostały omówione w artykule. Autorzy (sfragistyk, archeolog i mediewista) wskazują także okoliczności, w których bulla mogła znaleźć się w Brzeziu. W artykule zostały przedstawione sylwetki trzech duchownych, którzy mieli bliskie związki z tą miejscowością, bądź z nieistniejącym dziś dworem Lipińskich, na terenie którego znaleziono bullę. Byli to: dziekan kapituły opatowskiej Rafał z Brzezia (występuje w latach 1412-1438), kanonik wielu kapituł, sekretarz królewski i dyplomata Aleksander Brzeski (zm. w 1650 r.) oraz rektor kościoła NMP w Opatowie Karol Targowski (zm. w 1942 r.).
EN
The article analyzes the interesting relic discovered in the village of Brzezie near Opatów, that is a half of the lead impression of a papal bull. Such artifacts are usually kept in archives; in Poland only about 10 papal bulls have been found with the use of archeological methods, always near churches, and Brzezie is the only place where a bull was found despite the fact that there has never been a church there. Sigillographic analysis has allowed identifying the bull as Antipope John XXIII’s one. He was deposed during the Council of Constance in 1415, but he issued a number of documents concerning Polish lands and the Church of Poland including the Sandomierz and Opatów Church institutions and clergy that are discussed in the article. The authors (a sillographer, an archaeologist, and a mediaevalist) also point to the conditions under which the bull might find itself in Brzezie. In the article profiles are presented of three clergymen who had close relations with that place, or with the Lipńskis’ estate that does not exist today, on the area of which the bull was found. The clergymen were: the Dean of the Opatów Chapter Rafał of Brzezie (his name occurs in the years 1412-1438), the Canon of many Chapters, the royal secretary and diplomat Aleksander Brzeski (died 1650) and the Rector of the Virgin Mary Church in Opatów Karol Targowski (died 1942).
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