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  1. 3 Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

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  1. 3 Mazur E.

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  2. 2 2008

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1

HEALTH RESORTS IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND AND THE WESTERN PROVINCES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AT THE TURN OF THE 20TH C. (Siec uzdrowisk w Królestwie Polskim i zachodnich guberniach Cesarstwa Rosyjskiego)

100%
Mazur E.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2008
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vol. 56
|
issue 1
31-44
EN
Health resorts in the Kingdom of Poland have not been investigated by historians so far; they have mostly drawn the attention of balneologists and climatologists. For a historian of material culture their most interesting aspect is the everyday life of the patients, who divided their time between treatment and entertainment, and the resort infrastructure: sanatoria, ballrooms, concert halls, promenades, pump rooms, parks, beauty spots. Those issues are overlooked in the contemporary literature of the subject. What places were considered health resorts at that time? Dr Henryk Dobrzycki, a physician working in a sanatorium in Slawut, defined health resorts as: '1. mineral waters and places where bathing in mineral springs is applied, 2. sea-bathing and climate treatment centres..., 3. all the so-called natural medicine establishments, where they apply kumis treatment, hydropathy, electricity, diet treatment etc. To those three we should add another group, namely summer resorts (the German Sommerfrische), which are gradually turning into health resorts, gathering a number of sick visitors seeking treatment in addition to healthy ones.' Dobrzycki argued that it was necessary to introduce special regulations for health resorts. Due to his job and interests he visited many health resorts in the Kingdom of Poland and the neighbouring provinces of the Russian Empire. On the basis of his observations he prepared a draft of sanitary regulations to be implemented in health resorts and a questionnaire on the standard of living in health resorts. Answers were collected in sixteen health resorts. The resorts were divided into three groups, the first one comprising places famous for mineral waters (Birsztany, Busko, Ciechocinek, Druskienniki, Slawinek, Solec, Szepetówka). The second group included resorts with facilities for specialized treatment, e.g hydropathy (Grodzisk, Naleczów, Nowe Miasto, Ojców). The third group consisted of places offering treatment through diet and climate conditions (Czarniecka Góra, Inowlódz, Otwock, Pohulanka and Slawuta). A survey of health resorts and climate treatment centres in the Kingdom of Poland and the western provinces of the Russian Empire reveals that they were treated first of all as business enterprises and expected to bring in profits. Some sanatoria were privately-owned, some were state-owned, some were managed by joint-stock companies. Such a mixed system produced certain results. First, sanatoria and climate treatment centres, unlike hospitals, were available to patients from various regions. Second, depending on the standard, they tried to attract customers from different social strata. Third, at the end of the 19th c. a closer cooperation was established between the doctors from the Kingdom and from Austrian-occupied Galicia, who saw health resorts not only as business enterprises, but also as a chance for medical research and intellectual exchange, consolidating professionals from different parts of the partitioned Poland without the interference of the occupants. Visiting health resorts was considered to have a patriotic dimension, as it gave people an opportunity to discover the beauties of Poland and to integrate with visitors from all over the divided country.
2

EVERYDAY LIFE IN SANATORIUMS IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND AND THE WESTERN PROVINCES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (Siec uzdrowisk w Koólestwie Polskim i zachodnich guberniach Cesarstwa Rosyjskiego)

100%
Mazur E.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2008
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vol. 56
|
issue 2
169-186
EN
The promotion of local health resorts and climate treatment centres undertaken by balneologists required creating a certain standard of living that would encourage a potential client to choose Ciechocinek, Naleczów or Slawuta instead of travelling to Carlsbad or Ostend. There were several factors that made the everyday life in a health resort comfortable. Firstly, good transport connections were absolutely crucial. Secondly, it was necessary to give visitors an chance to find comfortable lodgings, either in sanatoriums or in boarding houses. Thirdly, a vital factor was the quality of catering services, provided by sanatoriums, restaurants and boarding houses, as well as self-catering facilities (access to shops, kitchens, utensils and fuel). Fourthly, not less important, especially for convalescents, was an opportunity to find some entertainment. All those aspects are explored in the present article. The attraction of a resort was certainly increased by the closeness of a railway line. In all resorts there were carriages, cabs and carts waiting on the railway station to convey the arriving patients to sanatoriums and pensions. The prices varied according to the driving comfort. Choosing a good boarding house or reserving a place in a sanatorium was certainly central to the comfort of the stay in the resort, but it mainly depended on the visitor's financial standing. An important part of treatment was appropriate diet, following the doctor's advice. Visitors of health resorts had a lot of free time. Therefore, most resorts had ball rooms, concert halls, billiard rooms and reading rooms.
3

CHARITABLE CARE OF OLD PEOPLE IN WARSAW IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH C. (Opieka dobroczynna nad starcami w Warszawie w drugiej polowie XIX wieku)

100%
Mazur E.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2010
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vol. 58
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issue 1
135-141
EN
Charitable care of poor adults in Warsaw in the second half of the 19th c. had various forms, which can be classified according to their functions. One of the forms was regular care, which concerned not only the old and the disabled, who had no means to support themselves with, but also other groups that needed help, for instance old teachers or bankrupt landowners, who could only partly cover their costs of living. At that time the poor were no longer committed to workhouses, since that form of 'help' had proved inefficient. A common way of dealing with beggars and vagabonds was to send them back to the place where they had been born. The law obliged communes to support the poor, but even police restrictions could not solve the problem of beggars in Warsaw. Another form of charity was temporary care of people who were temporarily in a difficult financial situation. Night shelters were organized, as well as special institutions for people who left hospitals and were unable to work. Temporary care was offered for example to poor seamstresses, craftsmen and workers, who were temporarily unemployed. It also concerned people who had a place to live but could not earn enough to support themselves. A house care institution was established, whose task was to supply such people with clothing, fuel and medicines, sometimes also with limited financial aid. Other forms of help included the distribution of Rumford's soup, organizing soup kitchens and cheap tearooms. The second half of the 19th saw new tendencies in charitable care of adults. The aim was not only to meet the daily needs of the poor but also to give them a chance to develop and change their life. New institutions were established to help the poor find jobs and develop their aspirations thorough education (e.g. free-of-charge reading rooms). Attempts of that sort were directed at both young and old people. Charitable care of poor adults, especially those who were able to work, evolved considerably throughout the 19th c. As to the care of poor and lonely old people, charity institutions remained largely helpless. It is difficult to judge whether the situation would have been different if Poland had been independent. The contemporary attitude to old people makes one very sceptical in that respect.
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