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1
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Karaim letters of Jehoszafat Kapłanowski. II. Linguistic analysis

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Németh M.
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
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2015
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vol. 130
|
issue 3
PL
In the first part of this study (Németh 2013a) a critical edition of two Karaim letters is presented. They were sent in 1868 from Odessa to addressees living Lutsk by a citizen born in Trakai. This paper (the second part of the study) contains a detailed linguistic analysis of the letters. Special attention is paid to the dialectal affiliation of the manuscripts’ linguistic material, to interdialectal contacts and to the irregularities recorded.
2
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New perspectives in Karaim etymology? The origin of Lutsk Karaim ḱemec ‘1. soldier; 2. Russian (person)’

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Németh M.
Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia
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2013
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vol. 18
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issue 2
91-103
EN
According to KRPS, ḱemec ‘1. soldier; 2. Russian (person)’ is native Lutsk Karaim. Since the word lacks any cognates on Turkic ground, in the present paper an attempt is made to link the word to Germ. Kamasche ‘gaiters’ and to explain its phonetic shape as being a consequence of the influence of the language of Polish Jews.
3
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O wpływach polskich na język Karaimów Łuckich

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Németh M.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2010
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issue 2(10)
199-212
EN
Although a number of authors have already outlined the Slavonic components in Karaim, the Polish, Russian or Ukrainian elements have yet to be addressed separately. The reason for such a state of affairs is that the above mentioned Slavonic languages are very similar to one other, hence many features of Slavonic origin in Karaim are simply indistinguishable as far as their precise roots are concerned. Describing the Slavonic infl ux on a language by language basis is a diffi cult task, all the more so as the Slavonic languages spoken by local populations often overlap with one other. This article attempts to introduce the problem to non-Turcologists and outline the main features of the Slavonic infl uence in this respect. Special attention is paid to Polish infl uences in the Lutsk Karaim dialect.
4
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A HISTORICAL PHONOLOGY OF WESTERN KARAIM. THE EVOLUTION OF CONSONANT HARMONY IN THE NORTH-WESTERN DIALECT

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Németh M.
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
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2014
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vol. 131
|
issue 4
PL
This article is an attempt to establish the time-frame and relative chronology of the evolution of consonant harmony in north-western Karaim. The sample material used for the present article comes from a Karaim handwritten Torah translation dating back to 1720 (the oldest analysed Western Karaim Bible translation), copied in Kukizów by Simcha ben Chananiel and written in the Karaim semi-cursive variant of the Hebrew script. Additionally, in the present article an attempt is made to describe step by step how the harmony shift operated.
5
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A historical phonology of western Karaim. Alveolars and front labials in the south-western dialect

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Németh M.
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
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2014
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vol. 131
|
issue 3
PL
This article is an attempt to establish the time-frame and relative chronology of the š > s and ö, ü > e, i changes that occurred in south-western Karaim. The sample material used for the present article comes from Halych Karaim handwritten prayer books dating back approximately to the second half of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century, and are written in the Karaim semi-cursive variant of the Hebrew script. The final conclusion of the article is that both changes occurred in the final decades of the 18th century.
6
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Karaim letters of Jehoszafat Kapłanowski. I. A critical edition

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Németh M.
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
|
2013
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vol. 130
|
issue 2
PL
This paper is a critical edition of Jehoszafat Kapłanowski’s (a Trakai-born Karaimspeaking Odessan) two letters written in Hebrew script that were sent in 1868 to Lutsk. The critical apparatus that accompanies the transcription and translation includes commentaries on each linguistic peculiarity or irregularity. The study is augmented by a glossary and facsimile, as well as brief historical comments on some of the persons mentioned in the text.
7
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Sergiusz Rudkowski

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Németh M.
Awazymyz. Pismo historyczno-społeczno-kulturalne Karaimów
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2006
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issue 3 (14)
7-8
8
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A different look at the Lutsk Karaim sound system (from the second half of the 19th century on)

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Németh M.
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
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2011
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vol. 128
PL
After endeavouring to examine the grammatical descriptions published in the literature to date and to reconstruct the sound system of the south-western dialect of Karaim as it was presented in the literature, it can certainly be concluded that the matter is far from clear. This is for the simple reason that these works contradict each other at various points. The reason for such discrepancies should be sought in the historical and linguistic backgrounds of the two main centres of the south-western Karaim population, i.e. Lutsk and Halich. Even though these two centres were always in close communication with one another, and the language that was spoken in them originates beyond any doubt from one common root, they remained for centuries under slightly different linguistic influences as a result of the Slavonic languages surrounding them. The present paper aims to present and, where possible, clarify the differences which follow from the studies on the Karaim sound system we have at our disposal. An attempt is also made to identify some differences between the Lutsk and Halich subdialects of south-western Karaim, and explain their origin. Since the grammatical descriptions we are dealing with here and the written sources we are able to work with concern the end of the first half of the 19th century at the earliest, the time scale of our interest is limited to the second half of the 19th and the first four decades of the 20th century.
9
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O języku karaimskim i dziejach jego rozwoju

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Németh M.
Awazymyz. Pismo historyczno-społeczno-kulturalne Karaimów
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2015
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vol. 26
|
issue 2 (47)
8-11
PL
Podczas Letniej Szkoły Języka Karaimskiego w Trokach poznajemy mowę naszych przodków. Nim znów zasiądziemy w szkolnej ławie, dowiedzmy się, jakie miejsce wśród języków świata ona zajmuje i czemu w Łucku i Haliczu mówiono inaczej niż w Trokach czy na Krymie.
10
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The Hungarian and Slavonic Background of Bashkir tyraž ‘wasp’

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Németh M.
Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia
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2011
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vol. 16
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issue 1
93-101
EN
This article offers a critique of Arpad Berta’s paper (2001) in which the author contends that the Bsk. tyraź word for ‘wasp’ originated (via the Volga Bolgharian) from the Hung. darazs id. The present author attempts to point out the weak points in this interpretation, and proposes, instead, the PSlav. *draźs as the source of the Hungarian and the Bashkir words for ‘wasp’. Thus, the article augments our knowledge of the possible Slavonic origin of the Hungarian and Bashkir words, and provides further details in support of the etymology presented by András Zoltán (2010; 2011).
11
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Wieści z Krakowa

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Németh M.
Awazymyz. Pismo historyczno-społeczno-kulturalne Karaimów
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2011
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issue 4 (33)
25-25
12
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A North-Western Karaim manuscript found in Lutsk – a case of dialect mingling?

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Németh M.
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
|
2015
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vol. 129
|
issue 2
PL
The question of dialect mingling in Karaim has been raised by several authors. We know that there was continual contact between members of most Karaim communities during at least the last three centuries, but we know little about the intensity of the discussed phenomenon. Manuscripts reflecting the spoken language serve as our only source of knowledge. One must, however, be careful when editing them since not every manuscript that contains linguistic material referring to more than one Karaim dialect is to be treated as proof of dialect mingling. The present paper presents a critical edition of a Karaim manuscript written in 1868 which contains both north- and south-western elements, and aims to answer the question whether this document can be treated as a relevant example of dialect mingling.
13
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O języku karaimskim i jego dziejach

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Németh M.
Awazymyz. Pismo historyczno-społeczno-kulturalne Karaimów
|
2015
|
vol. 26
|
issue 3 (48)
20-23
PL
W poprzednim numerze przedstawiliśmy miejsce, jakie język naszych przodków zajmuje wśród języków świata i jego podział na dialekty. W drugiej części rozważań mowa jest o etapach jego rozwoju oraz o alfabetach, jakimi zapisywano go niegdyś i obecnie.
14
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Errors with and without purpose: A. Mardkowicz's transcription of Łuck-Karaim letters in Hebrew script

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Németh M.
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
|
2009
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vol. 126
PL
In the sixth volume of the Karaim journal Karaj Awazy Aleksander Mardkowicz (1875–1944), prepared a six page long article containing reminiscences of the loft in kenesa in Łuck (Mardkowicz 1933b) and a transcription of seven letters found there (Mardkowicz 1933a). Detailed comparison of five of those manuscripts with their transcriptions (we do not know what happened to the remaining two manuscripts) shows that Mardkowicz's readings are not free from certain shortcomings and errors. Besides a few obvious printing errors, one can find not only erroneous readings, but also a considerable number of changes that had been made intentionally, fragments that had been passed over, translations of Hebrew fragments that had not been noted, and words that bared evident Troki or Crimean Karaim phonetic features but which had been transcribed in such a way as though they had been written in Łuck Karaim. The reason for these intentional amendments to the text of the original manuscripts can probably be ascribed to the fact that Mardkowicz – who played a vital role in the Karaim language purism movement – tended to use "normative Karaim" in his journal, even at the price of modifying the content of the letters. The examples of these misrepresentation have been grouped into the following categories: 1) intentional amendments concerning phonetic, morphologic and phonotactic features and dialectal affiliation of the word forms; 2) erroneous readings of Karaim words and Hebrew abbreviations and, finally, 3) translating Hebrew fragments without noting it. The article does not deliver a full critical edition of the manuscripts, as this is going to be the subject of another, much more comprehensive, study, where the facsimiles of the letters will also be published
15
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W sprawie dyskusji nad najstarszymi zapożyczeniami węgierskimi w polszczyźnie: stpol. bantować ‘karać’ i pol. dial. bantować ‘dokuczać’ – homonimia czy polisemia?

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Németh M.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2012
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issue 2(14)
147-160
EN
The paper investigates the history of two words which many authors have regarded as polysemes: OPol. bantować ‘to punish (with exile)’ (attested four times in decrees of punishment, from 1475 to 1500, and there is one attestation from 1519 the meaning of which remains, however, uncertain) and MPol. ~ Pol. dial. bantować which, generally speaking, means ‘to torment’ (attested since 1614). Interpreted as polysemes, they were both explained as a single loan word from Hung. bánt ‘to torment’. However, the semantics of the Hungarian word speaks against this interpretation: Hung. bánt was never used as a legal term meaning ‘to punish with exile’, and neither were its reflexes in Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Romanian and Croatian. It seems possible that the Old Polish word is a loan word from MHG bannen ‘to punish with exile, to banish’ even though the issue of -t- and the lack of the expected g- in the Polish form remains, for the time being, open. The medial -t- may be a trace of the final -t in the MHG past participle gebannt, as was suggested by de Vincenz/Hentschel (2010), or a result of a blend with OPol. ochtowan ‘exiled, banished’. The latter was only attested once in 1500 in the exactly same sentence that also contains OPol. bantowan ‘punished with exile’ (see SStp. I 60). It does not seem groundless, then, to claim that OPol. bantować ‘to punish (with exile)’ and MPol. bantować ‘to torment, etc.’ (the latter being still in use in the contemporary dialects of southern Lesser Poland) are neither polysemes as they have different roots, nor homonyms as they have never been used at the same time and place.
16
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Karaim literature as a source of information on the spoken language. A case study of the early 20th-century Lutsk Karaim dialect

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Németh M.
Karaite Archives
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2013
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issue 1
113-132
EN
The present article presents an analysis of a Lutsk Karaim literary work, namely Sergiusz Rudkowski’s Dostłar, which was published in two parts in 1931 and 1939. The two characters of the drama use colloquial language and therefore the work appears to be until now the only source of knowledge on Lutsk Karaim in its spoken form. The linguistic peculiarities of the drama are compared with other non-literary sources that reflect everyday language used at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The present study has been carried out in order to determine whether the language of the drama was caricatured by the author, and thus exaggerated to some extent, or whether it reflects the factual command of Karaim during that period. In the final analysis, it is safe to say that the drama’s language should be treated as a reliable source of knowledge. It is important to note that it contains linguistic elements (swearwords, abusive words, Hebrew elements, &c.) that are absent from all other colloquial linguistic materials.
17
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An Early North-Western Karaim Bible Translation from 1720. Part 1. The Torah

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Németh M.
Karaite Archives
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2014
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issue 2
109-141
EN
In this article an early Bible translation into north-western Karaim is described. The manuscript, written in Hebrew script (in its Karaim semi-cursive variant), dates back to 1720, which makes it the oldest western Karaim Bible translation to be hitherto critically analysed. The manuscript was copied in Kukizów by Simcha ben Chananiel (died in the 1720s). The language of the manuscript reveals archaic features, among others, consonant harmony in the process of emerging.
18
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Rękopisy i druki karaimskie w polskich zbiorach prywatnych. Nowe perspektywy badań karaimoznawczych

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Németh M.
Almanach Karaimski
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2016
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vol. 5
EN
This article presents the results of academic research conducted by a group of scholars in the years 2012–2016 on Karaim manuscripts owned by Polish individuals. The research was financed by the NationalScience Centre (Poland) (research project nr.: 2011/03/D/HS2/00618). The article provides a concise yet exhaustive description of the privately owned printed and handwritten materials and presents a great deal ofhitherto unknown scientific data. The materials stored in private archives open up new perspectives on Karaim studies. They will undoubtedly serve as an important starting point for future research – primarilyfor historians and linguists, but also for those conducting literary, cultural, and religious studies.
19
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A Contribution to the Biography of Josef ha-Mashbir ben Shemuel ha-Rodi

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Németh M.
Almanach Karaimski
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2018
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vol. 7
83-98
PL
W tym artykule autor przedstawia tekst karaimski z autografu Josefa Ha-Mashbira (zm. 1700). Odkrycie tego ostatniego źródła dowodzi, że był on native speakerem z północno-zachodniego dialektu języka karaimskiego, który z kolei potwierdza tezy tych badaczy, którzy twierdzą, że pochodzi on z Litwy. Co ważne, źródło, o którym mowa jest jednym z najstarszych znanych północno-zachodnich tekstów karaimskich.
EN
In this article the author presents a Karaim text from of Josef ha-Mashbir’s (died 1700) autograph. The discovery of the latter source proves that he was a North-Western Karaim native speaker, which, in turn, supports the claims of those researchers who contend that he originated from Lithuania. Importantly, the source in questionis one of the oldest known North-Western Karaim texts.
20
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Nowy słownik języka krymskokaraimskiego Gulayhan Aqtay i Henryka Jankowskiego (2015) z dyskusją nad odrębnością tego języka w klasyfikacji języków w tle

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Németh M.
Almanach Karaimski
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2015
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vol. 4
7-17
RU
Artykuł zawiera szereg uwag o stanie leksykografii krymskokaraimskiej oraz o wydanym w 2015 roku słowniku A Crimean Karaim–English Dictionary autorstwa Gulayhan Aqtay i Henryka Jankowskiego. Artykuł uzupełniono o przyczynek do dyskusji nad odrębnością języka krymskokaraimskiego w klasyfikacji języków turkijskich.
EN
This short article contains a number of general observations regarding the new Crimean Karaim–English dictionary authored by Aqtay and Jankowski (2015) and the state of Crimean Karaim lexicography, as well as a discussion of the position of Crimean Karaim in the classification of Turkic languages.
PL
Artykuł zawiera szereg uwag o stanie leksykografii krymskokaraimskiej oraz o wydanym w 2015 roku słowniku A Crimean Karaim–English Dictionary autorstwa Gulayhan Aqtay i Henryka Jankowskiego. Artykuł uzupełniono o przyczynek do dyskusji nad odrębnością języka krymskokaraimskiego w klasyfikacji języków turkijskich.
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