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Stanowisko Hiszpanii wobec NATO w świetle doniesień dziennika „El Pais” z lat 1975-1996

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Domejko-Kozera P.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

2008

vol. 83

When NATO was created in 1949 Spain could not join the organization because of the authoritarian nature of general Francisco Franco regime and its cooperation with fascist Germany and Italy during the II World War. However, the USA recognized the strategic importance of Spanish territory in the period of cold war confrontation and initiated bilateral relations with Madrid in the security policy sphere in 1953. The informal cooperation of Spanish military forces with NATO followed. It was the end of the dictatorship and democratic transformation of the country that enabled Spain’s integration with the organizations of Western world. Once integration with NATO was possible, this issue sharply divided political elites of democratic Spain with the left generally opposing the accession to NATO and the right supporting it. Spain officially became a member of NATO in 1982 but in the same year the socialists came to power with a promise of referendum on the question of Spanish membership in NATO. The socialist government of Felipe González „froze" Spanish integration with this organization but finally pragmatic approach won: it did not lead Spain out of NATO but defined specific conditions of its membership (mainly not joining the integrated military structure). The end of the cold war confrontation and collapse of the USSR resulted in the necessity for NATO to adjust its character and tasks to the new circumstances. González’s government supported this transformation and Spanish forces actively participated in the new missions of NATO, which built Spanish reputation as a credible ally, the symbol of which was the election of Spanish ministry of foreign affairs Javier Solana for the post of Secretary General of the organization.

Polityka rządu José Marii Aznara Lópeza wobec Kuby (1996-2004)

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Domejko-Kozera P.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

2008

vol. 82

After the victory of People’s Party (Partido Popular) in the election on 3 March 1996 the government of José Maria Aznar with the foresight of protection of human rights and democratization adopted a strict policy towards Cuba, the country linked with Spain by numerous bonds: historical, linguistic, cultural, economic ones, not to mention relations of soieties. This change was the result of the strategy formulated by the PP government of alliance with the USA whose relations with Castro regime had been hostile for years. The stages in the Spanish-Cuban relations in the years 1996-2004 coincided with periods in Washington-Havana relations. The following stages can be distinguished in this period: gradual deterioration of bilateral relations leading to diplomatic crisis (May 1996—April 1998), normalization (from April 1998) and renewed crisis (with the climax after adoption by the European Union sanctions on Cuba in June 2003). The PP government actions concerned mostly political and diplomatic spheres, both on bilateral (Spain did not appoint an ambassador in Havana for 1,5 ywar) and communitarian lovel (European Union Common Position of 2 December 1996 on Cuba, UE sanctions on Cuba). The government actions did not affect the economic sphere. Despite the fact that tension in Madrid-Havana contacts had negative effect on economy, during the years of Aznar’s government Spanish trade with Cuba flourished. Having adopted a tough policy towards Cuba, the PP government criticized US embargo on Cuba and Hclms-Burton Act. The policy of the government of PP towards Cuba was criticized by the opposition. It did not contribute to the improvement of human rights and democratic rules on the island, but it strengthened Spanish-American relations.

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2 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

2 Domejko-Kozera P.

2 2008

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Stanowisko Hiszpanii wobec NATO w świetle doniesień dziennika „El Pais” z lat 1975-1996

Polityka rządu José Marii Aznara Lópeza wobec Kuby (1996-2004)