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1

THE INFLUENCE OF SUBOPTIMAL AFFECTIVE STIMULI ON WORKING MEMORY

100%
Piotrowski K. T., Wierzchon M.
Psychological Studies
|
2005
|
vol. 43
|
issue 1
103-108
EN
The aim of the studies was to assess the possibility and consequences of marking elements stored in working memory by affective stimuli. Two experiments in the memory search paradigm were conducted. In both studies one of the elements was suboptimally visually primed either by affective or neutral stimulus. It was hypothesized that such manipulation would result in higher activation of the primed element. The activation should result in higher accuracy in affective vs. neutral priming condition. The obtained results showed that the affective priming influenced task performance. Nevertheless, depending on a neutral stimulus type (mask vs. neutral face), the performance accuracy increased or decreased. The results of the studies suggest that such an effect could depend on the automatic activation of primed stimuli representation, and also on the conscious focusing of attention on the important, from evolutionary perspective, affective stimulus. Such focusing could impair memory search task performance.
2

METHODS IN WORKING MEMORY RESEARCH

81%
Piotrowski K. T., Stettner Z., Balas R.
Psychological Studies
|
2005
|
vol. 43
|
issue 1
1-16
EN
The paper reviews methods of investigation into the structure and functional role of working memory (WM). The methodology of WM studies are comprehensively analyzed from the perspective of two main theoretical approaches. Firstly, Alan Baddeley's multiple-systems model of WM serves as a ground for the review and analysis of different methodologies aimed at determining the capacity and functions of two slave subsystems (phonological loop and visual sketchpad) dedicated to storing and processing verbal and visual information, respectively. The advantages and limits of these are concerned as well. Secondly, Cowan's single-system model of WM based on activation mechanism is analyzed. The authors also present methods aimed at investigating control and executive functions of the WM system.
3

THE FOCUS OF ATTENTION AND POSITION EFFECT IN WORKING MEMORY

81%
Balas R., Stettner Z., Piotrowski K. T.
Psychological Studies
|
2005
|
vol. 43
|
issue 1
85-89
EN
Presented research deals with biphasal model of working memory search and the relationship between the sequential position of memorized stimuli and the focus of attention in working memory. The experiment applied modified Sternberg's procedure within which participants had to memorize sequentially presented set of stimuli (either verbal or non-verbal) and jugde whether the test stimulus was, or was not previously presented. The manipulation concerned the set size, type of required response (Yes or No), and stimuli presentation pace. The position of test stimulus in a previously presented set was controlled. The results confirmed the main hypothesis about negative relationship between stimulus postion in a set and accuracy of its identification, i.e. the earlier it occured in a sequence, the less accurate participants identified it. This effect was especially salient with non-verbal stimuli and faster presentation pace. Moreover, it occured that the capacity of focal attention is significantly less when participants had to memorize non-verbal stimuli than the verbal ones.
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