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1

GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY OF LARGE NEOLITHIC STRUCTURES IN LOESS REGIONS. THE CASE OF SLONOWICE (Geofizyczne badania duzych konstrukcji neolitycznych na terenach lessowych. Casus Slonowice)

100%
Herbich T., Tunia K.
Archeologia Polski
|
2009
|
vol. 54
|
issue 1
13-35
EN
Site 'G' in Slonowice has been explored archaeologically since 1979. The site lies on the south upland slope, falling away toward the Maloszówka river. The FBC is known from numerous settlements in this territory, but little could be said of the sepulchral aspect of their life prior to the work at Slonowice. Even so, the sheer size of the site (15-20 ha), limited funds and the hitherto unexplored subject range necessitated relatively slow progress of research and cautious interpretation. Following more than twenty years of research it can be said to be 'a temenos', a separate sacred enclosure connected with a burial ground. A rectangular square measuring about 110 m to the side occupied flattened ground in the middle of the slope, limited on the east, west and presumably also north by two parallel ditches with a presumed embankment sandwiched between them, built of the earth excavated from the ditches. On the south side, the square was closed with a trapezoid timber-and-earth tomb, also about 110 m long. The walls of this structure were made of rows of wooden posts driven vertically into the ground, the space between the rows filled in with earth from ditches dug parallel to the outer walls of the tomb. A few more features of the same kind were localized further to the south, more or less parallel to one another, standing on the part of the slope already falling away toward the river. No two are the same, even though they share certain characteristics, such as a similar 'palisade' technique for erecting the walls - timber posts driven into foundation trenches about 0.5 m wide and 1 m deep. The length of the structures differs substantially. The longest ones (nos I and II), both over a hundred meters long, are unique in that they have ditches of varied depth and width, from which the soil for the embankments was excavated. The tombs nos III-VI are of smaller size and are revealed solely by the outlines of the foundation ditches under the timber walls. The complex has been dated to the beginnings of FBC culture in western Little Poland, i.e., first half of the 4th millennium B.C. The site was next occupied by a Trzciniec Culture village in the Old Bronze Age (17-12 c. B.C.) and revealed a few hundred pits of a domestic nature, about 1 m in diameter and up to 2 m deep. Pits cut through the earlier Neolithic structures. Archaeological method was supplemented with geophysical prospection. The geophysical prospection carried out by T. Herbich (1983-2005) is the biggest project of its kind conducted so far on an archaeological site in Poland. The resultant map complements the archaeological picture of the megalithic tomb substructures and provides a precise understanding of both the Neolithic and Old Bronze Age phases of occupation of the Sonowice site. An analysis of the combined results of excavations and magnetic mapping have recorded the site layout and traced the course of ditches with the wall foundations of tombs nos I, II and VI, identified tomb no. VII, the extent of the pits connected with the Trzciniec Culture and the course of ditches connected with the Bronze Age occupation of the site. This discovery has put the Slłonowice site among the few settlements from the Bronze Age known from the archaeological record in Poland as having traces of defensive installations. Figs 13.
2

Tumulus of the Funnel Beaker Culture in Małżyce, Kazimierza Wielka district

100%
Tunia K., Włodarczak P.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2011
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vol. 63
203-219
EN
The reported research in Malzyce, site 30, situated on one of the vast loess-covered elevations of the Malopolska Upland has brought valuable data on the Funnel Beaker (TRB) and the Corded Ware (CWC) cultures in West Malopolska. The central grave of the TRB barrow was accompanied by five younger graves of the CWC and three graves of the Mierzanowice culture. In the TRB grave two vessels and a flint trapezium were found. In its size and constructional traits the Malzyce TRB barrow is analogous to various CWC features of this type. But because of its dating - the TRB tumulus in Malzyce cannot be regarded as a valid argument for deriving CWC burial mounds from TRB structures.
3

STORAGE VESSELS IN THE LATE ROMAN AND EARLY MIGRATION PERIOD IN THE POLISH WEST CARPATHIANS

100%
Madyda-Legutko R., Tunia K.
Slovenská archeológia (Slovak Archaeology)
|
2021
|
vol. 69
|
issue suppl 2
291 – 300
EN
The article concerns large storage vessels (Krausengefäße) from the Late Roman Period and the Early Migration Period, found in large numbers in the Polish West Carpathians. Traditionally, it has been assumed that they were used to store grain. It seems, however, that storage vessels found inside houses probably were local ‘pantries’ – places used to keep various agricultural and gathered produce and its products, intended for direct consumption. They were probably used to store drinking water. Storage vessels dug into the ground outside houses may have served as local reservoirs of water for consumption or pottery manufacture. The water might have been brought to the settlement in other, smaller, ‘storage’ vessels. On the other hand, ground granaries and pits dug in the ground, properly secured against birds, rodents and postharvest pests, were much more suitable for long-term grain storage. The characteristic rim of the Krausengefäße vessels, shaped as a flange, was undoubtedly functional and connected to the vessel’s closure system. It was an element of a tight cover whose function was to make access to the inside of the vessel as difficult as possible. The lid was probably made of organic material, thick textile of leather, which – once placed over the vessel and tied under the flange – tightly sealed the vessel. This flange-shaped rim was an important invention, which served to strengthen the edges of the vessel and allowed the vessel to be closed easily, quickly and tightly. It secured the contents during both transport and storage.
4

BURIAL MOUND NO. 2 IN MALZYCE, THE DISTRICT OF KAZIMIERZA WIELKA

81%
Jarosz P., Tunia K., Wlodarczak P.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
|
2009
|
vol. 61
175-231
EN
The article presents new results of rescue excavations in Malzyce (Little Poland; loess covered upland). The mound marked as 'barrow 2' was a rest of TRB megalithic monument. Also four graves of Corded Ware and two graves of Mierzanowice culture were discovered. The article concerns a detailed description of finds, especially of rich catacomb graves of Corded Ware culture. On the basis of the absolute and the relative chronologies it may be assumed that barrow in Malzyce was used in two phases separated by nearly a thousand years; the first phase was related to the TRB (approx. 3600-3300 BC), and the second phase to the Cracow-Sandomierz group of Corded Ware culture (approx. 2500-2400 BC). Moreover, two graves point to the third phase in the history of the place: Early Bronze age.
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