The author deals with impoliteness in this article. He describes the reasons of this phenom- enon in the society and calls various types of impoliteness. There are: 1. unintentional impoliteness 2. intentional impoliteness, which are the sources of different communication intentions of the speaker. These intentions are: — insulting the interlocutor, — achieving its own purpose and advantage, — protecting the interlocutor in an extremely difficult situation for him. The following examples show that the Russian language has a wide range of possibilities for the realisation of impoliteness in the communication.
RU
В статье автор исследует проблему невежливости в языковой коммуникации. Он рас- сматривает причины этого явления в обществе и называет разные типы невежливости. К ним принадлежат: 1. непреднамеренная невежливость, 2. целенаправленная невежливость, причиной которой являются разные коммуника- тивные намерения говорящего: — обидеть собеседника, — достичь своей цели, пользы, — спасти собеседника в экстремально опасной для него ситуации. Использованные примеры показывают, что русский язык имеет широкий диапазон возможностей реализации коммуникативной невежливости.
This article discusses the directive speech acts in the New Testament. The author presents examples of such acts from the New Testament Scriptures, and then carries out their pragmalinguistic analysis.
The article shows the causes of acts of aggression in language based on the examples from Polish and Russian languages. It also demonstrates how the receiver reacts to the signs of language aggression.
The author deals with the verbal insult in this article. The author analyses firstly the definitions of insult used in the Polish and the Russian languages. Then she gives the most common reasons of insult (its source is the Internet), that cause common Russians feel offended. There are three tactics of insult in the last part of the article: criticism; comparison; tactless questions violating taboo.
RU
В настоящей статье рассматриваются тактики вербальной обиды. Анализу подвергаются дефиниции термина обида, употребляемые в польском и русском языках. Даётся список поводов, по которым обижаются современные русские (его источником является Интернет). В последней части представлены три тактики обиды: критика; сравнение; бестактные вопросы, нарушающие табу.
The paper discusses directive speech acts in the light of known theory by P. Braun and S. Levinson. The author also tries to show how to avoid the negative impact of directive speech acts in face to face communicative act.
The intention of this article is to present the classification of directive speech acts. The basis of this classification is the strength of recipient’s obligation to implement them. For this reason, two classes of directives speech acts were separated: mandatory and optional. In addition, examples were given of their implementation in Polish, Russian and German languages.
Sources of failure of modern linguistic communication In this paper the author presents selected papers devoted to the conditions of effective communication, classifications of communication failures given by various researchers, and sources of communication failures. The most important causes of communication failures are: - lack of communication competence of interlocutors; - failure to comply with H.P. Grice’s Principles of Co-operation; - subjective assessment of interlocutors on the lack of benefits from avoiding communication failures.
RU
Источники коммуникативных неудач в современной коммуникации В статье автор представил обзор избранных работ, посвящённых условиям успешной коммуникации, классификации коммуникативных неудач разных исследователей и назвал причины коммуникативных неудач в современной коммуникации. По мнению автора, к ним прежде всего принадлежат: - недостаток коммуникативной компетенции; - несоблюдение принципа кооперации Г. П. Грайса; - субъективная оценка собеседников, которая говорит об отсутствии пользы от общения, если они будут избегать коммуникативных неудач.
The subject of this analysis are directive speech acts used as indirect speech acts. The author tries to show the schematic interpretation of indirect acts as directive speech acts according to the theory of Conversational Implicature by H.P. Grice and his Cooperation Principle. Then the author gives examples of communication situations that require the use of indirect directive speech acts.
In this article the author deals with speech acts: advice, warning, threat. The author analyzes the communication intentions of the speaker in these speech acts, and their structure and features. The analysis is performed on the materials of the Polish, Russian and German languages.
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