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1

Madame de Staël et la « religion universelle »

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Szymański T.
Romanica Wratislaviensia
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2017
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vol. 64
145-157
EN
The object of the article is the idea of a universal religion formulated by Madame de Staël in her book De l’Allemagne in 1813. In order to grasp the meaning of this idea, we have to consider first the religious identity of the author, then sketch the philosophical and religious context in which the idea has developed, and present Madame de Staël’s worldview, inspired by Enlightenment phi­losophy and Protestant thought as well as mystical and esoteric sources popular among German philosophers of nature. In the broader context of the development of the idea of a universal religion, the work of the French pioneer of Romanticism, in which the idea, associated with the feeling of infinity, is conceived as a worship exercised by the whole universe having his temple in the human heart, occupies an important place at the intersection of the 18th and the 19th century.
2

Le dictionnaire comme champ de lutte idéologique : les idées de religion naturelle et de religion universelle dans les dictionnaires du siècle des lumières (1764–1775)

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Szymański T.
Romanica Wratislaviensia
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2016
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vol. 63
79-95
EN
The article is a reflection on the dictionary as an ideological battleground illustrated with the example of thematic dictionaries or encyclopedias of the Age of Enlightenment. The perspective of the study is philosophical and religious, centred on the ideas of natural and universal religion as elements of conflicting worldviews. We will discuss the controversy surrounding the Philosophical Dictionary by Voltaire, who was attacked by Catholic clergymen such as Chaudon, Paulian, François or Nonnotte.
3

L’idée de religion universelle des origines au XIXe siècle : entre philologie et herméneutique

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Szymański T.
Romanica Wratislaviensia
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2018
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vol. 65
127-141
EN
The aim of the article is to show the relationship between the classical conception of philology, the origins of hermeneutics and the evolution of the idea of universal religion from Antiquity to the 19th century. Just like in the context of the beginnings of Christianity philology contributed to create the Catholic understanding of this idea, in modern times, the development of philological methods contributed to the fragmentation of the idea in various fields: philosophical, esoteric, naturalistic or humanitarian. Hence, philology appears to be inseparable from hermeneutics and the history of religious ideas, and the latter, as inseparable from philology. In this context, the myth of the Babel Tower and its “confusion of tongues” may gain a new meaning.
4
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Entre évolution et révolution : l’idée de religion universelle chez Pierre­Simon Ballanche et Edgar Quinet

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Szymański T.
Cahiers ERTA
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2018
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issue 15
9-22
EN
The article proposes a comparaive study of the religious ideas of Pierre‐Simon Ballanche and Edgar Quinet, focusing on the relations that in their context the two authors establish between the notions of evolution and revolution. Both admit the existence of a divine revelation at once eternal and progressive that unfolds in history, in both also French Revolution and the rupture it has operated occupies a central place in the reflection on religion. But while Ballanche’s universal religion is closer to traditionalist and theosophical conceptions, Quinet’s one, taking the form of modern millenarianism, is representative of the current of secular humanitarianism.
5
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« Chaque esprit est maçon » : l’Art Royal et l’idée de religion universelle dans la littérature française du XIXe siècle

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Szymański T.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Romanica
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2018
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issue 13
19-31
PL
Wolnomularska Sztuka królewska, łącząca naukę i filozofię z poszukiwaniem duchowym i moralnym doskonaleniem, promieniuje na cały XIX wiek, który jest spadkobiercą zarówno racjonalistycznej myśli oświeceniowej jak i XVIII-wiecznego iluminizmu. Jedną zaś z kluczowych dla wolnomularstwa idei jest „religia co do której wszyscy są zgodni”, o której mówią Konstytucje Andersona. Idea religii uniwersalnej, już to odwołująca się do pierwotnego objawienia już to przyjmująca postać religii naturalnej, posiada liczne odmiany w XIX wieku, które kształtują się w zetknięciu z literaturą romantyczną (Pani de Staël), utopiami społecznymi (saint-simonizm) czy humanitaryzmem (Pierre Leroux). Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie roli odegranej w tym procesie przez wolnomularzy oraz oddźwięku jaki ich twórczość znalazła w refleksji innych autorów na temat religii.
EN
Masonic Royal Art, combining science and philosophy with spiritual research and moral improvement, radiates throughout the whole 19th century, which is the successor of both rationalist Enlightenment thought and 18th century illuminism. One of the key ideas of Freemasonry is the “Religion in which all Men agree” mentioned in Anderson’s Constitutions. The idea of a universal religion, referring to a primal revelation or taking the form of natural religion, has numerous variations in the 19th century, formed in contact with romantic literature (Madame de Staël), social utopias (Saint-Simonianism) or humanitarianism (Pierre Leroux). The aim of the article is to show the role played in this process by Freemasons and the influence they have exerted on other authors reflection on religion.
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Les destinées de l’humanité chez Ballanche, Leroux et Quinet: entre fatalité et liberté

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Szymański T.
Cahiers ERTA
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2023
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issue 35
9-26
EN
The 19th century, particularly in the conceptions of the evolution of humanity by Ballanche, Leroux or Quinet, seems to highlight the idea of freedom in its struggle with fatality, whether the latter is identified with natural forces or with social order rooted in political and economic reality. Indeed, the three mentioned authors conceive the destinies of humanity as a progressive emancipation. The purpose of this article is to study, following a comparative method oriented on the history of ideas, how the relationship between freedom and fatality is articulated in each of them. While the works of Ballanche, Leroux and Quinet present numerous analogies with regard to the process of emancipation of humanity, that of Quinet is distinguished by his idea of a secular State separated from the Churches, which is the final transformation of the religious principle.
7
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Pomiar sprawności funkcjonowania przedsiębiorstw z sektora budownictwo

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Szymański T.
Zarządzanie i Finanse
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2012
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vol. 1
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issue 2
385-397
EN
In the article, the issues in measuring efficiency of the company using key performance indicators for construction industry. The material allows the reader to become familiar with basic concepts and assumptions about the issue in question, thus providing an introduction to further literature on techniques for assessing the efficiency of enterprises from construction industry.
8
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« Qu’est-ce que la Religion universelle ? » : étude sur une question posée par Baudelaire

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Szymański T.
Quêtes littéraires
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2013
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issue 3
76-84
EN
In “My heart laid bare” Baudelaire writes about the “Universal Religion” devised for “the alchemists of thought,” “a religion that comes from man, considered as a divine memento.” The idea, as we read in the text, was inspired by the writings of Chateaubriand, De Maistre and those of the “Alexandrians”. And indeed, the two former authors wrote explicitly about a „universal tradition” that finds its fulfillment in the Catholic religion. It does not matter if we recognize the “Alexandrians” as representatives of the Neoplatonic school, the Alexandrian Fathers of Church, or disciples of Hermetism, the very term implies a tradition of both syncretic and mystic character that resembles gnosis. Baudelaire’s “Universal Religion,” despite his Catholic convictions, cannot be associated with Catholicism. Based on a universal transmission of myths and symbols, it rather refers to eternal truths about man as well as to the divine source of all beings – also in the modern world, which puts God’s existence in doubt.
9
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Les cours parisiens d’Adam Mickiewicz et l’idée de religion universelle

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Szymański T.
Slavia Meridionalis
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2017
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vol. 17
EN
Adam Mickiewicz’s Paris lectures and the idea of universal religionThe first half of nineteenth century in France brings the development of several currents of thought that are trying to find a solution to the problems affecting society in this period (pauperisation, crisis of traditional values, oppressed nations). Catholic traditionalists, Illuminati, utopian socialists and humanitarians often formulate the idea of a universal religion, derived from a primal revelation and evolving through the ages, or the idea of a new religion of the future. The aim of the article is to situate in that wider context Mickiewicz’s Paris Lectures and the convictions of the Polish poet on Slavic religion and Messianism. The text is divided into two parts, corresponding to the key aspects of the topic: the first part talks about the search for a revelation preceding the Judeo-Christian revelation, and the second one concerns the announcement of a new revelation, which completes and fulfills the former one. Prelekcje paryskie Adama Mickiewicza i idea religii uniwersalnejPierwsza połowa XIX wieku przynosi we Francji rozwój wielu nurtów usiłujących znaleźć rozwiązanie problemów trawiących społeczeństwo w tym okresie (pauperyzacja, kryzys tradycyjnych wartości, ucisk ludów europejskich). Katoliccy tradycjonaliści, iluminiści, socjaliści utopijni i humanitaryści często formułują ideę uniwersalnej religii, wywodzącej się z pierwotnego objawienia i rozwijającej się w procesie dziejowym, lub też ideę nowej religii przyszłości. Celem artykułu jest usytuowanie w tym kontekście prelekcji paryskich Adama Mickiewicza oraz poglądów polskiego wieszcza na temat religii Słowian i mesjanizmu. Tekst podzielony jest na dwie części, odpowiadające dwóm kluczowych aspektom zagadnienia: pierwsza część mówi o szukaniu objawienia poprzedzającego objawienie judeochrześcijańskie, druga zaś dotyczy zapowiedzi nowego objawienia, stanowiącego dopełnienie tego ostatniego.
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