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I WOULD TAKE ANY JOB, BUT…: BIOGRAPHIES OF LOW-EDUCATED WOMEN AT THE INTERSECTION OF CLASS AND GENDER

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Křížková A., Formánková L.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2012
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vol. 44
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issue 6
651 - 677
EN
The paper analyses the biographies of women at the intersection of class and gender in the Czech Republic. With the transition towards a market-based economy and a decrease in the symbolic capital of workers in the blue-collar and service fields, and in the context of a familiarise social policy and a labour market that discourages a combination of paid employment and care responsibilities, women with low education find themselves in the secondary labour market and exposed to gender discrimination. We illustrate how an intersectional approach (Brah – Phoenix 2004) can be used in sociology to analyse the ways in which class, gender and other social categories, such as care responsibility, interact and mutually constitute each other in the lives of women.
2
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Odraz nejistot, znevýhodnění a marginalizace na trhu práce v biografických výpovědích žen s nízkým vzděláním

100%
Formánková L., Křížková A.
Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)
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2010
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vol. 11
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issue 2
23-35
EN
The paper addresses the problem of growing uncertainties in the Czech labour market over the past 20 years, with regards to the specific conditions of unskilled women, struggling to integrate their paid work and unpaid work. The economic uncertainties and growing levels of global competition in production increase the pressure for transformation and flexibilisation of workforce. The actors occupying marginalized labour market positions tend to display lower levels of social capital and lower levels of work experience and education. At the same time, these people, including mothers in child care, find it difficult to cope with the increasing pressure for productivity and flexibility. The socioeconomic marginalization of unskilled mothers is further strengthened by measures of the state’s social policy. The present analysis is based on three biographic interviews regarding the work trajectories of women whose highest level of education is vocational or lower. A biographical approach enables us to analyse the impact of structural and institutional conditions as well as social and cultural processes on the work and life trajectories of respondents. Their testimonies reveal both the mechanisms of gender discrimination, social exclusion and subordination that the unskilled mothers have to face in their personal lives and careers, and the strategies and resources they employ in order to cope with their situation.
3
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Intersekcionální perspektiva zkoumání dopadů krize na životní dráhy v ČR: gender, třída, věk (a rodičovství)

100%
Křížková A., Formánková L.
Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)
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2014
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vol. 15
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issue 2
48-60
EN
The intersectional perspective represents, in Czech sociology, an untapped opportunity to examine the interaction between the different lines of inequality in the process of constantly changing social structure. This article aims to enrich current Czech sociological research in two ways. Firstly, it analyses and describes the impacts of the economic crisis on labour market relations in the Czech Republic. Secondly, it applies the intersectional perspective in a quantitative analysis of structural inequalities. In this perspective, we analyse the changing structure of the labour market between 2008 and 2012 at the intersection of gender, class (education), age and parenthood, using statistical indicators. Moreover, we use event-history analysis to capture the risk of job loss in the first phase of the crisis (2008–2010). Our analysis shows that the economic crisis deepened existing inequalities in the labour market, further differentiated female labour market prospects by educational attainment, especially in interaction with parenthood, and also rapidly deteriorated the labour market situation of men with low education, including fathers of small children.
4
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Love Will Keep Us Apart? Understanding Living Apart Together Partnerships in the Post-state-socialist Czech Republic

100%
Formánková L., Křížková A.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2015
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vol. 51
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issue 6
993-1023
EN
Living apart together (LAT) relationships are under-researched in European sociology and overlooked in Czech sociology. Based on data from 16 biographical interviews with partners living in separate households, this analysis focuses on how LAT is experienced, understood, and explained in the context of the post-state-socialist Czech Republic. Do LAT partners actively choose LAT to avoid or subvert the norm of co-residence? Or do they frame their situation as a result of external constraints and pressures? What is the role of gender norms and of the gendering of a life course in the LAT experience? Our results show the high value that current Czech society continues to place on co-residential partnerships. The study also shows that persistent gender and social inequalities, specific for the post state-socialist Czech Republic, make individual choices more difficult or impossible in both private life arrangements and when combining private life with work. A LAT partnership is not always the result of individual choices, but the relationship often is shaped by external structural and institutional pressures and gendered norms.
5
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Genderové inovace v malém podnikání. Institucionální podmínky a dosahování genderové (ne)rovnosti u podnikatelských párů

81%
Dlouhá M., Jurik N., Křížková A.
Gender, rovné příležitosti, výzkum (Gender, Equal Opportunities, Research)
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2014
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vol. 15
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issue 2
87-100
EN
Using the so-called embeddedness perspective, this article highlights the importance of context (time, space and institutions) for the direction of current research on the gender structure of entrepreneurship. The authors focus mainly on the effects of institutional context, namely tax and family policies, on business couples (copreneurs). The emphasis is on how these factors and formal institutions, which are reflected in informal gender norms, influence the work-life balance strategies of copreneurs. Based on a qualitative analysis of 24 in-depth interviews, the authors identify three strategies of achieving work-life balance and using welfare state measures: individualistic, adapting and innovating. Based on separate in-depth interviews with these business and life partners, we are also able to analyse the dynamics of communication between them. We draw attention to the finding that the strategies identified are not exclusive and may change during one’s life course and business career. Despite their differences, in some respects all these strategies preserve and reproduce gender inequality because it is embedded in the social context and institutional framework for economic activity and work-life balance in the Czech Republic.
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