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KAZIMIERZ KURATOWSKI - MATHEMATICIAN, PROFESSOR OF THE LVOV UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND THE UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW (TILL 1945).

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Przenioslo M.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2008
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vol. 53
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issue 3-4
203-226
EN
Kazimierz Kuratowski was born on February 2, 1896 in Warsaw in the family of well-known lawyer - Marek Kuratow. Also in Warsaw he completed his elementary and grammar-school education. In the years 1915-1919 he studied mathematics in the University of Warsaw. In 1920 he was awarded doctor's degree for dissertation on topology. One year later he qualified himself as assistant professor, and his dissertation concerned theory of multiplicity. Very fast he also became an important member of the group of associates of Waclaw Sierpinski and Stefan Mazurkiewicz. In the academic year 1923/24 he became assistant professor of the University of Warsaw. In 1927 Kuratowski was appointed professor of the Chair of Mathematics III of General Faculty of the Lvov University of Technology (Politechnika Lwowska). He left Warsaw unwillingly, because was very much attached both to the home town and the scientific circles he used to co-operate with. Having been appointed professor in Lvov, he also found himself in a full of vitality and extraordinary scientific circle that was created by Hugon Steinhaus and Stefan Banach. After many years, even in the epilogue of his memories he wrote that this time was the most creative period in his life. He had not only appreciated the significance of discoveries, but also was alive to the mere style of circle's work that consisted in common discussions. Moreover, his character was very much adapted to friendly atmosphere and kindness that was extended to the young talents; Kuratowski himself was the one, who discovered such gifted person as Stanisław Ulam. After liquidation of General Faculty of the Lvov University of Technology in 1933, Kazimierz Kuratowski came back to Warsaw. In 1934 again was appointed professor of the newly organised Chair of Mathematics IV of the Warsaw University. He still worked much scientifically; till the outbreak of war published succeeding tens of works, and in 1939 his output numbered over 100 publications. He survived the war staying in Warsaw and in its immediate vicinity. In 1945 he came back to work in the University of Warsaw, wrote next tens of works and educated the group of talented students. He died on June 18, 1980 in Warsaw. He had his name engraved on his students' memory as a man of uncommon creative abilities and great charm.
2

LOSSES OF THE LANDOWNERS IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND IN THE FIRST YEAR OF THE GREAT WAR

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Przenioslo M.
Dzieje Najnowsze
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2004
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issue 3
95-112
EN
In 1914-1915 the Kingdom of Poland was an area of wide-scale military operations, incurring considerable material losses in the estates of the local landowners. Some of the losses were not the outcome of the hostilities, but the outcome of the 'burnt earth' tactic applied by the retreating Russians. Apart from the devastation produced by the military campaigns, considerable losses were also due to army requisitions. as well as ordinary plunder committed by the soldiers. In certain terrains such damage was caused by the movement of the population evacuated from regions in which the battles were waged. The state of agriculture in the Kingdom of Poland was adversely affected by the absence of a sufficient labour force. Another serious problem, which sometimes outright rendered farm work impossible, was the declining number of horses. All those factors led to a considerable reduction of the area under cultivation, lower crops , and a drop in the livestock.
3

FOUNDERS OF THE LVOV SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS (1920-1939)

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Przenioslo M.
Dzieje Najnowsze
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2007
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issue 2
59-76
EN
The interwar Lvov school of mathematics was indubitably a unique phenomenon. In a short space of time it managed to win worldwide recognition although it emerged almost 'ex nihilo' and was not the outcome of an activity pursued by generations of mathematicians but solely of its ingenious founders - Hugo Steinhaus and Stefan Banach. Hugo Dionizy Steinhaus was born on 14 January 1887 in a prosperous Jewish family in Jaslo; here, he graduated from the local secondary school. He studied in Lvov and Ghent, where in 1911 he received his Ph. D. degree. Habilitated in 1917 at the University of Lvov, in 1920 he was offered the chair of mathematics. Stefan Banach was born on 30 March 1892 in Cracow as an illegitimate child of Stefan Greczko, a civil servant, and Katarzyna Banach. He graduated from a secondary school in Cracow and a two-years course at the Lvov Polytechnic (in 1914). In 1920, thanks to Steinhaus' support, Banach was appointed assistant professor at the Polytechnic and in the same year he presented his Ph. D. dissertation at the Jan Kazimierz University in Lvov. The growing scientific rank enjoyed by Steinhaus and Banach (in 1923 Steinhaus was appointed professor ordinary, and Banach was habilitated in 1922; in the same year he became professor extraordinary, and in 1927 - professor ordinary) was accompanied by an expansion of the group of young mathematicians gathered around the two scholars. Next to the considerable scientific accomplishments of the Lvov group attention is due also to the manner of its cooperation. Mathematical discussions were frequently conducted in Lvov cafes and inns while savouring the local dishes and imbibing gallons of coffee and alcoholic beverages (particularly true of Banach and his closest collaborators). In his contacts with the students Steinhaus invariably followed his favourite maxim: 'If you wish to inspire others you must first set the example yourself'. His attitude resembled that of Banach but he tended to implement his convictions in a different mode by teaching order and a systematic approach, always accompanied by a great dose of humour and tolerance. Despite their dissimilar personalities, Stefan Banach and Hugo Steinhaus benefited from close cooperation. They rapidly created a mathematical school of international renown, based on a unique partnership. Not only did the two men possess extraordinary creative skills but they were capable of 'infecting' their students with a passion for mathematics.
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