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The History of the Slovak-Hungarian “Little War” and Its Interpretations in National Histories

100%

Janek I.

Prague Papers on the History of International Relations

2015

issue 2

85-101

The events of the Slovak-Hungarian “Little War” are closely connected to the circumstances of Hungary’s re-annexation of Sub-Carpathia in March 1939, which took place under the motto of re-establishing a common Hungarian-Polish border. Corps belonging to the Carpathian section of the Hungarian army advanced into Sub-Carpathia and then proceeded to attack Slovak territories. Hungaryʼs official explanation for its occupation of Sub-Carpathia ran as follows: since Slovakia has become an independent state and thus Czechoslovakia no longer exists as a state, the Viennese arbitration is no longer valid. Hungary has won the right to exercise its claim to Sub-Carpathia. The military conflict between Slovakia and Hungary came to an end when Germany intervened and ordered the two parties to conduct bilateral negotiations with a view to reaching an agreement. At the negotiations on March 28, 1939, the parties agreed to end hostilities and to establish a neutral zone between the two armies. They also agreed that Hungarian troops might remain at their occupied positions. On March 28 the Slovak delegation announced claims on Hungarian territory by way of compensation, but the Hungarian government rejected these claims. Germany offered no support to the Slovaks on the border issue; indeed, on April 7 Slovak troops were even required to withdraw from various settlements on the Slovak side of the demarcation line. On April 3, 1939, the German Ambassador to Budapest, Otto von Erdmannsdorff, paid a visit to the Hungarian foreign minister, István Csáky; in the course of their discussions, the two men touched upon the issue of the border established with Slovakia. The Ambassador informed Csáky that the Slovak government had turned to Germany for support, but that it had been told that under the circumstances any attempt at the full restoration of the old border, which was Slovakia’s wish, would be futile. The German Ambassador then asked Csáky whether the Hungarian government would be willing to make certain territorial concessions. Csáky responded that this would be inconceivable — “where Hungarian soldiers have trodden, they will stay”. Hungary could keep the 60-kilometre long and 20-kilometre wide strip of land that it had taken from Slovakia. The Hungarian authorities attached the area of land Sub-Carpathia, of which it remained a part until 1944. In 1945 the newly re-established Czechoslovakia was obliged to surrender the railway line between Csap and Ungvár as well as the Ung line: the Czechoslovak-Soviet border — today’s frontier between Slovakia and Ukraine — was drawn ten to fifteen kilometres further west. During its engagements with the Slovak armed forces from March 23–28, 1939, the Hungarian army suffered 25 fatal and 56 non-fatal casualties; it captured 360 Slovak and 211 Czech/Moravian soldiers.

František Jehlička and his activity in support of the Hungarian revision in Czechoslovakia in 1919–1938

100%

Janek I.

Dvacáté století - The Twentieth Century

2015

vol. 7

issue 2

43-55

Budapest government established between 1918–1922 their own irredentist organizations and supported movements, which tried to undermine the idea of Czecho-Slovak statehood. Between the two word wars the idea of acquiring Upper Hungary became the objective number one regarding Hungarian revision, engaging the atention of both the political and military circles. Hungarian leadership made every effort all along to cross the rapprochment of the Czech and Slovak nations. Especially the groups of emigrants, who had voluntarily or involuntarily left the territory of the emerging Czechoslovak Republic, became substantially engaged in this direction. For Budapest was the best person highly educated and ambitious priest František Jehlička. In my study, I tried to give an objektive illustration about Jehlička life between (1918–1938) who played a significant but very controversial role in this action. Jehlička was not one of the new faces in Slovak politics. In 1906, he was already elected as member of the Hungarian parlament for the constituency of Pezinok. He belonged to the Slovak Peoples Party and many of his ideological associates saw him as the young hope of Slovak politics. He was accused of betraying the national interest for the sake of a university career. Jehlička again began to engage in politics in the autumn of 1918. By the side of Andrej Hlinka, he began to build up the Slovak Peoples Party. Jehlička was openly criticized the situaton in Czechoslovakia after 1919. He decided to return to the pro-Hungarian platform and openly support them. He left Czechoslovakia, and he became emigrant in Hungary, Poland and Austria.

Budapešťská vláda mezi lety 1918–1922 vytvořila vlastní iredentistickou organizaci podporující hnutí, které se pokoušelo podkopat ideu česko-slovenské státnosti. Mezi dvěma světovými válkami se myšlenka na získání Horních Uher stala předmětem číslo jedna maďarského revizionismu, poutající pozornost politických i vojenských kruhů. Maďarské vedení vyvinulo veškerou možnou snahu, aby narušilo sbližování českého a slovenského národa. Zvláště skupiny emigrantů, kteří ať už dobrovolně nebo nedobrovolně opouštěli území nově se formující Československé republiky, se staly značně angažované na vedení. Pro Budapešť byla nejvýznamnější osoba vzdělaného a ambiciózního kněze Františka Jehličky. V této studii se pokouším poskytnou objektivní popis Jehličkova života mezi lety 1918–1938, kdy v této akci hrál významnou, ale kontroverzní roli. Jehlička nebyl novou tváří na slovenské politické scéně. V roce 1906 byl již zvolen jako člen Maďarského parlamentu ve volebním obvodě Pezinok. Patřil ke Slovenské lidové straně a mnoho z jeho ideologických podporovatelů v něm spatřovalo mladou naději slovenské politiky. Byl obžalován ze zrady národních zájmů kvůli své univerzitní kariéře. Znovu se stal Jehlička politicky činným na podzim 1918. Za stranu Andreje Hlinky začal budovat Slovenskou lidovou stranu. Jehlička otevřeně kritizoval situaci v Československu po roce 1919. Rozhodl se vrátit do promaďarsky orientované platformy a otevřeně ji podpořil. Emigroval postupně do Maďarska, Polska a Rakouska.

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1 Dvacáté století - The Twentieth Century

1 Prague Papers on the History of International Relations

2 2015

2 Janek I.

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The History of the Slovak-Hungarian “Little War” and Its Interpretations in National Histories

František Jehlička and his activity in support of the Hungarian revision in Czechoslovakia in 1919–1938