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Z dziejów polskiej archeologii. Fałszywe zabytki runicznego pisma słowiańskiego

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Szczerba A.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2015
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vol. 24
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issue 1(46)
7-44
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the development of studies on the problem of Slavonic runes in the Polish 19th-century archaeology. According to the currently prevailing opinion, the oldest Slavonic writing is glagolica from the 2nd half of the 9th century and that before its introduction old Slavs had not developed any sufficiently advanced and universal system of signs that could be called writing. Despite that, in the 19th century many polish researchers were certain of the existence of Slavonic runes. In the period between the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 20th century, a series of artefacts with this writing appeared. not all of them were fake. except for entirely fabricated specimens (bałwanki prylwickie – Prillwitz idols), we also have: original relics that were incorrectly interpreted (e.g. bronze helmets from Ptuj in Styria; inscription on the baptismal font from St. John’s Church in Toruń). Original archaeological relics that had counterfeit inscriptions and drawings (two stones of quern from Mikorzyn in Wielkopolska province), as well as mistakes made by researchers, who discerned runes where there weren’t any (e.g. two stone lions from the cathedral in Bamberg). The authenticity of Slavonic runes was questioned by some researchers from the beginning, but with the state of knowledge and available means of technology at that time it was difficult to verify it, while political pressure and also patriotism of many scientists resulted in accepting them as authentic. The credibility of that evidence was gradually questioned by more and more scientists, especially after the 1st World War when with gained independence by almost all Slavonic nations there was no political reason anymore to retain these theses on the authenticity of the runes.
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THE ROLE OF THE IMPERIAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMMISSION IN THE PROTECTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND FINDINGS ON THE TERRITORY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

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Szczerba A.
Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki
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2010
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vol. 19
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issue 1-2(36-37)
7-21
EN
The aim of the paper is to discuss the role of the Imperial Archaeological Commission in the protection of archaeological sites and findings on the territory of the Russian Empire, which also included those found in Polish lands under Russian rule. The Commission, based in St. Petersburg, was set up during the reign of Tsar Alexander II and was a state institution answerable to the Ministry of the Court. The main objectives of the Commission were to gather data on all kinds of antiquities on the territory of the Russian Empire and to conduct a scholarly assessment of their importance. The Commission was also engaged in archaeological excavations, but it was fully free to organize excavations only in state, public and church properties. The law did not allow excavations on private lands to take place until after the owners had given their permission. One of the major tasks of the Commission was to ensure a steady 'flow' of antiquities to the Hermitage at St. Petersburg. Naturally, the antiquities that found their way to the Hermitage were those excavated by members of the Commission. Soon after its establishment, the Commission also issued an appeal calling for antiquities to be sent to it. In order to attract potential benefactors, there were even to be financial rewards. Rare and valuable artefacts were transferred to the Hermitage or other institutions selected by the Tsar, while those that were of no interest to any scholarly institution were returned to their owners or finders. In 1889, the Commission obtained, by a Tsar's decree, the exclusive right to conduct archaeological excavations and to grant permission to conducts such excavations, as well as to supervise the renovation of historical buildings. The decree caused the Commission to become the central archaeological institution, in charge of all archaeological work conducted in Russia. The rationale behind the 1889 decree was that it should stop all uncontrolled excavations, but in practice it turned out that archaeological sites and findings were protected only when that was convenient for the Commission or when the Commission found them to be of considerable value.
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O zaangażowaniu Kierownictwa Badań nad Początkami Państwa Polskiego (1949–1953) w badania ratownicze na terenie Nowej Huty

100%
Szczerba A.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2022
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issue 1
149–156
EN
The Department for Studies on the Origins of the Polish State was an institution established in 1949 by the Ministry of Culture and Art to carry out interdisciplinary research (which began a year earlier) on the genesis and functioning of the state of the First Piasts, undertaken in connection with the 1000th anniversary of the foundation of the Polish state and its baptism (1966). Although the Department’s main goal was to identify the main centers of the early Piast state, it also had its merits in the field of monument protection – archaeologists, taking advantage of the unique situation of destruction and demolition, entered the historic downtowns and began their research. The scale of the necessary interventions was becoming embarrassing, especially since the so-called great buildings of socialism and the reconstruction of cities led to numerous discoveries. However, the most challenging situation was at the construction site of Nowa Huta, which was located for political reasons, without considering that the selected areas were covered with fertile soil used by the population since the Neolithic. This article aims to present the history of rescue excavations in the area of Nowa Huta (now a district of Krakow, established in the late 1940s), the first stage of which was carried out as part of the Department activities.
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