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Problem autorstwa i projektów kościoła jezuitów (obecnie kolegiaty farnej) w Poznaniu

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Kusztelski A.
Biuletyn Historii Sztuki
|
2021
|
vol. 83
|
issue 4
859-881
EN
The complex history of the raising of the old Jesuit Church in Poznan is discussed. Despite the research into that important piece of architecture continued since the 1920s and 30s, the identification of respective stages of the raising of the Church and the authorship of the genuine design have remained debatable. The paper’s goal is a critical analysis of the first design of the Jesuit Church in Poznan and its authorship, as well as of the later designs of the Church and their authors. The Church’s first design may have been a ‘model’ one, worked out in Rome, whose modifications and adaptation to the local conditions were conducted by the famous Cracow mason Tomasso Poncino; the latter, most likely owing to the mistakes made when the foundations were laid, was banned from continuing the works, and replaced by the Order’s mason Wojciech Przybyłkowicz who ran the raising of the Church. An essential turn in the history of the Jesuit fabrica ecclesiae occurred when Bartłomiej Nataniel Wąsowski became Vice-chancellor of the Poznan College; apt at maths, a theoretician of architecture, he had his avant-garde designs based on the studies of Rome’s architecture implemented by the mason Wojciech Abramowicz. Having become the prefect of the fabrica ecclesiae, after Wąsowski’s death (d. 1687), he independently managed the construction works. Its final shape was given to the Jesuit Church by Jan Catenazzi. The testimony to the changes occurring in the course of the almost 80-years’ construction process is found in designs preserved in the National Library in Paris and in the Archives of the Society of Jesus in Rome.
PL
Tekst dotyczy skomplikowanych dziejów budowy dawnego kościoła jezuitów w Poznaniu. Chociaż badania nad tym ważnym dziełem architektury trwają od dwudziestolecia międzywojennego, to rozpoznanie poszczególnych faz budowy tej świątyni i autorstwo pierwotnego projektu jak i jego licznych modyfikacji jest nadal dyskusyjne. Przedmiotem niniejszego tekstu jest próba krytycznego spojrzenia na kwestie pierwszego projektu kościoła jezuitów w Poznaniu oraz jego autorstwa i późniejszych projektów tej świątyni i ich twórców. Pierwszy projekt świątyni był zapewne projektem „wzorcowym” opracowanym w Rzymie, którego modyfikację do lokalnych warunków przeprowadził znany krakowski budowniczy Tomasso Poncino, który zapewne w związku z popełnionymi błędami przy zakładaniu fundamentów został odsunięty od budowy, a jego miejsce zajął zakonny budowniczy Wojciech Przybyłkowicz, który prowadził budowę świątyni. Zasadniczy zwrot w dziejach jezuickiej fabryki nastąpił w momencie objęcia stanowiska rektora poznańskiego kolegium przez Bartłomieja Nataniela Wąsowskiego, biegłego w matematyce teoretyka architektury, którego awangardowe projekty poparte studiami nad architekturą Rzymu realizował zakonny budowniczy Wojciech Abramowicz. Został on prefektem fabryki, a po śmierci Wąsowskiego (zm. 1687) kierował samodzielnie pracami budowlanymi. Ostateczny kształt jezuickiej świątyni nadał Jan Catenazzi. Śladem zmian na przestrzeni blisko osiemdziesięciu lat trwania budowy są zachowane w zbiorach Biblioteki Narodowej w Paryżu i Archiwum Towarzystwa Jezusowego w Rzymie projekty.
2
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Monachomachia poznańska. Kontrowersje bernardynów poznańskich z franciszkanami w drugiej połowie XVII wieku

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Kusztelski A.
Ecclesia. Studia z Dziejów Wielkopolski
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2013
|
issue 8
41-62
EN
In 1639, Conventual Franciscans (the Minorites) set up a small community in Poznań. However, for nearly two hundred years on the outskirts of the city there had already functioned a convent of the Order of the Minor Brothers Observants, known as Bernardines. This led to a conflict between the two convents. Bernardines rarely founded their convents in cities where there were already con- vents of the Minorites, a religious order that had existed in Poland since the 13th century. On the other hand, as Poznań achieved the status of the capital city of the region in late Middle Ages, the Minor- ites made efforts to settle down in this city. This decision resulted in decades of fierce controversies.The Minorites who wanted to settle down in Poznań were supported by the local bishop, while the Bernardines by a majority of the already existing convents and the city council. Eventually the superiors of the Minorite convent obtained the approval of the Poznań authorities to build a convent within the city walls, close to the castle. Thanks to the intervention of the new bishop, an agreement was reached in 1667 and the controversies subsided. The longest lasting disagreements between the two convents concerned the right to propagate the Loretan cult, centered on a copy of the Holy House of Mary from Nazareth. The house was said to have been miraculously transferred to Loreto in the 13th century, and around it a great Marian sanctuary developed. Finally, the right to propagate this cult in Poznan was granted to the Bernardines. In1639,ConventualFranciscans(theMinorites)setupasmallcommunityinPoznań.However,fornearlytwohundredyearsontheoutskirtsofthecitytherehadalreadyfunctionedaconventoftheOrderoftheMinorBrothersObservants,knownasBernardines.Thisledtoaconflictbetweenthetwoconvents.Bernardinesrarelyfoundedtheirconventsincitieswheretherewerealreadycon-ventsoftheMinorites,areligiousorderthathadexistedinPolandsincethe13th century.Ontheotherhand,asPoznańachievedthestatusofthecapitalcityoftheregioninlateMiddleAges,theMinor-itesmadeeffortstosettledowninthiscity.Thisdecisionresultedindecadesoffiercecontroversies. TheMinoriteswhowantedtosettledowninPoznańweresupportedbythelocalbishop,whiletheBernardinesbyamajorityofthealreadyexistingconventsandthecitycouncil.EventuallythesuperiorsoftheMinoriteconventobtainedtheapprovalofthePoznańauthoritiestobuildaconventwithinthecitywalls,closetothecastle.Thankstotheinterventionofthenewbishop,anagreementwasreachedin1667andthecontroversiessubsided.ThelongestlastingdisagreementsbetweenthetwoconventsconcernedtherighttopropagatetheLoretancult,centeredonacopyoftheHolyHouseofMaryfromNazareth. Thehousewas saidtohavebeenmiraculouslytransferredto Loretointhe13th century,andarounditagreatMariansanctuarydeveloped.Finally,therighttopropagatethiscultinPoznanwasgrantedtotheBernardines.
PL
In 1639, Conventual Franciscans (the Minorites) set up a small community in Poznań. However, for nearly two hundred years on the outskirts of the city there had already functioned a convent of the Order of the Minor Brothers Observants, known as Bernardines. This led to a conflict between the two convents. Bernardines rarely founded their convents in cities where there were already con- vents of the Minorites, a religious order that had existed in Poland since the 13th century. On the other hand, as Poznań achieved the status of the capital city of the region in late Middle Ages, the Minor- ites made efforts to settle down in this city. This decision resulted in decades of fierce controversies.The Minorites who wanted to settle down in Poznań were supported by the local bishop, while the Bernardines by a majority of the already existing convents and the city council. Eventually the superiors of the Minorite convent obtained the approval of the Poznań authorities to build a convent within the city walls, close to the castle. Thanks to the intervention of the new bishop, an agreement was reached in 1667 and the controversies subsided. The longest lasting disagreements between the two convents concerned the right to propagate the Loretan cult, centered on a copy of the Holy House of Mary from Nazareth. The house was said to have been miraculously transferred to Loreto in the 13th century, and around it a great Marian sanctuary developed. Finally, the right to propagate this cult in Poznan was granted to the Bernardines.
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