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1

СУЧАСНІ УЯВЛЕННЯ ЩОДО ПАТОГЕНЕЗУ ТА ПРОЯВІВ АФАЗІЇ ПРИ МОЗКОВОМУ ІНСУЛЬТІ

100%
Лянна О.
Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології
|
2015
|
issue 7(51)
360-369
EN
The effectiveness of the recovery measures during aphasia depends on the development of adequate methods of the rehabilitation process which corresponds to the nature of the defect. The creation of such methods will be possible given the condition that they will correspond to the modern scientific conceptions regarding the pathogenesis and occurrence of this disorder. The aim of this article is to determine the contemporary theories in pathogenesis and occurrence of aphasia following a stroke of the brain. Analyzing recent scientific publications it was identified that at different stages the theories of aphasia corresponded to the level of scientific knowledge and primarily to the understanding of the higher mental functions in human beings. A prerequisite for the modern conceptions of the nature of aphasia was the accumulated experience in the field of the consequences after the local injuries of the brain. As early as the first observations of aphasia the scientists held the cases of the vascular genesis of this disorder. The modern conceptions on aphasia became a foundation of its new definition and distinguished the key issues for differential diagnostics. Up to date the major studies were made on aphasia following a stroke of the brain. However, regardless the great number of researches, the accumulated experience and long-standing observations some aspects are open for discussions. Contemporary researches point out that the language disturbances in post-stroke aphasias are diverse and different in its manifestation. The ischemic strokes account for the aphasia as twice as the hemorrhage strokes. The severity of speech impairments is considerably higher in the ischemic stroke. The nature of aphasia and its development are indentified not just by the type of stroke but also and primarily by the clinical features in acute period of the illness, which depend on the nature of process, size of lesion, occurrence of new hemorrhages, the state of collateral blood circulation and so on. Besides, the co-called “pure” forms during brain strokes there are numerous cases of mixed and complex language disorders. These issues are important and crucial for making prognosis of the recovery of speech function and the development of effective procedures of rehabilitation learning process in these patients.
2

МОВЛЕННЄВА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ЯК СПОСІБ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ МОВЛЕННЄВОГО СПІЛКУВАННЯ

100%
Лянна О.
Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології
|
2015
|
issue 5(49)
143-150
EN
The article presents the analysis of different approaches to understanding and definition of speech, as a research activity of our and foreign scientists. Since the organic relation of speech activity with communication activity is emphasized in all approaches, we have examined singly the traditions of studying the speech in communication. For the analysis of communication as a speech phenomenon we explore the generation mechanism and perception of speech messages for communication aims or for regulation and control of own activity. These mechanisms are considered on their phase structure. We have examined the act of procreation of speech saying by means of O. O. Leontyev’s conventional scheme, as his theory provides the choice of behavior strategy, it is flexible, allows different ways of operating with a saying at various stages of generation or speech perception. The model of perception and understanding the speech saying in the article is examined by means of I. O. Zimnaya’s theory; this scheme consists of two different components: the image of the original perception and identification of the formed image. The analysis of the afore cited mechanisms suggests that the acts of transmission and reception of speech message making the structure of speech activity, provide feedback and it is the main condition of speech communication. The approach that has been used in the article allowed us to conduct theoretical analysis of speech activity as a way to implement speech communication. It is concluded that the acts of sending and receiving voice messages that make up the structure of speech activity, providing feedback are the main conditions of verbal communication. All these processes are provided by different mechanisms, which are regulated by the brain, which, uniting in working condition form a functional speech system. Breaking the link between the mechanisms of generation and perception of speech communications at the level of the brain can cause aphasia, which destroys speech activity and makes verbal communication impossible. The correct mapping of the various components of speech activity with the corresponding anatomical areas of the brain that has been affected as a result of stroke, brain tumor or traumatic brain injury, changes the approach to the analysis of speech disorders in aphasia and helps to determine the most appropriate and effective ways of recovery process of verbal communication of individuals in this category.
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