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Ludwig Wittgenstein i Karl Rahner o nie-obecności Boga w świecie

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Szczęch S.

Logos i Ethos

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2015

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issue 1(38)

131–142

PL

Istnieje w myśleniu religijnym punkt szczególnie krytyczny, gdy ktoś z jednej strony uważa, że świat może i powinien być analizowany wyłącznie środkami naturalistycznej nauki, a z drugiej strony dostrzega w nim obecność Boga, którego nie sposób nimi ująć. W jaki sposób można pogodzić determinizm naukowego obrazu świata oraz wiarę, że jest w nim obecny Bóg? W artykule analizuję stanowiska z dwu różnych dziedzin, które starają się stawić czoła temu problemowi. Tezy mistyczne z Traktatu logiczno-filozoficznego Ludwiga Wittgensteina zestawiam z rozważaniami niemieckiego teologa Karla Rahnera. Idea, jaką można odnaleźć u obu myślicieli, jest następująca: działalność Boga, sama w sobie nadprzyrodzona, w świecie dokonuje się zawsze środkami przyrodzonymi. W tekście wskazuję na możliwe konsekwencje powyższego stanowiska oraz perspektywy, jakie ono ze sobą niesie.

EN

It is an especially critical moment in religious thinking when someone claims that the world can and should be analyzed solely in terms of naturalist science, and at the same time believes in the existence of God who cannot be expressed in such terms. How can the determinism of the scientific image of the world be reconciled with the religious belief in the presence of God in such a world? In my paper I present views from two different domains which try to face that problem. On the one hand, there is Ludwig Wittgenstein with his mystical theses in Tractatus logico-philosophicus and, on the other, there is the german theologian Karl Rahner. The idea that can be found in their writings is that God’s actions in the world, supernatural in themselves, are always carried out by natural means. I discuss what follows from this and what differences there are between the thinkers.

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W stronę relatywizmu etycznego Ludwiga Wittgensteina

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Szczęch S.

Logos i Ethos

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2014

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issue 1(36)

223–234

EN

The article is a commentary on Rush Rhees’s paper Some developments in Wittgenstein’s view of ethics which appeared in “The Philosophical Review” in 1965. Rhees’s article falls into two parts. The first one features mainly the author’s comments on Wittgenstein’s Lecture on ethics, whereas in the second one Rhees relates a discussion on ethics which he had with Wittgenstein in the late period of the latter’s life. It is the second part that I focus on in my article and I consider points where Wittgenstein’s view of ethics has changed. Two most significant traits of his new approach are: the shift from analysing Ethics in itself to analysing various systems of ethics, and relativism. I discuss possible causes and consequences of this standpoint and its relation to Wittgenstein’s earlier thoughts about ethics.

3

Niewypowiadalność etyki w Traktacie logiczno-filozoficznym Ludwiga Wittgensteina

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Szczęch S.

Kwartalnik Filozoficzny

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2014

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vol. 42

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issue 4

103-118

EN

Ethics is not among the principal or most widely discussed issues in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. It was often disregarded as a manifestation of Wittgenstein’s “mysticism” and was treated as an expression of author’s war experiences, external to logic, the alleged main topic of the book. Those approaches ignored the fact that ethics and logic are connected in the Tractatus by the Wittgenstein’s opinion that they both are equally inexpressible. I argue for a rehabilitation of this interpretation and examine, why ethics „cannot be put into words” and what this means. I achieve this in two steps. First, on the basis of the Tractatus I reconstruct three types of argumentation which are supposed to justify the inexpressibility of categories other than ethics. Next, I analyze how these arguments can be applied to ethics. Finally, I complete these reflections with a reconstruction of Wittgenstein’s original argument, which makes it possible to show that the thesis of the inexpressibility of ethics in the Tractatus is justified.

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Ludwig Wittgenstein i Karl Rahner o nie-obecności Boga w świecie

W stronę relatywizmu etycznego Ludwiga Wittgensteina

Niewypowiadalność etyki w Traktacie logiczno-filozoficznym Ludwiga Wittgensteina