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EN
Extraordinary proceedings of Sejm in 1637 were the third such event during the reign of Władysław IV Waza. The King’s decision to convene the parliament was criticized by noblemen, but despite the opposition the session was opened on June 3rd 1637. Local parliament (sejmik) of Cracow Voievodship was one of the most important in Poland. The MPs elected by this sejmik supported the King’s decision. Sejmik also instructed the MPs to support the King in his efforts to prepare the state to Turkish invasion and to get parliamen- tary consent on new taxes. The MPs were also instructed to support the efforts to establish special Treasury Tribunal in Radom to control the collection of taxes. During the sessions of Sejm in 1637 the MPs from Cracow Voievodship followed the instructions and supported the King. The decisions of this Sejm can be treated as King’s success.
EN
The Polish United Workers’ Party strived to control all areas of life in the state. So the administration of justice was not an exception. This Party influenced the judiciary using various mechanisms, i.e. personnel policy, legislation and law enforcement. It created an executive apparatus for this purpose. In the years 1957–1959, it was the PUWP Central Committee’s Commission on the Administration of Justice, Public Safety and Order.
EN
After World War II the communists, who took power in Poland, did not abolish the old penal code from 1932. However, the new acts on penal law were passed and they were undermining the old system and in fact creating the new one. This situation was criticized by new authorities and in 1950 works on new penal code were inaugurated. It was expected that new code will be ready in one year. However, the reality was completely different and the penal code of so called People’s Poland came into force not earlier than in 1970. The works on new penal code have been going on for a very long time. The Ministry of Justice prepared first draft in 1956. It was published and consulted among specialists. The penal lawyers criticized the draft strongly and it was rejected. The rejection was connected with the new era in communist Poland after Stalin’s death.
PL
Adam Redzik, Zarys historii samorządu adwokackiego w Polsce, wyd. Naczelna Rada Adwokacka, Warszawa 2007, 208 stron.
PL
Anna Sucheni-Grabowska, Wolność i prawo w staropolskiej koncepcji państwa, Muzeum Historii Polski, Warszawa 2009, 272 strony.
EN
The decree from 13 June 1946 on crimes especially dangerous in the period of rebuilding state was one of may penal acts passed after 1944. They were passed to protect new political regime and to realize its goals. It is known as „small penal code“. It played important role to stabilize communist rule in Poland. It was supposed to be in power only in the period of „rebuilding“ the state, but in fact it was in power till 1970 (with small changes), when new penal code was introduced. Even major political turnover of 1956, when the code was strongly criticized, did not lead to abolish this extremely restricted decree.
PL
Rozliczanie stalinizmu na fali „odwilży” 1956 roku. Dokumenty archiwalne dotyczące odpowiedzialności sędziów i prokuratorów wojskowych za łamanie praworządności w latach 1948–1954
PL
Dokument archiwalny dotyczący „uporządkowania” przez władzę ludową prawodawstwa w powojennej Polsce
EN
New political forces (communists), which came into power in Poland at the end of World War II, formally retained the legal system, which existed in the Second Republic before the war. The principle of legal continuity was however undermined in the sphere of military penal law and jurisdiction. The 1932 criminal code was still in force. The decision of making new code was undertaken in 1950. Earlier, from 1947 the Ministry of Justice was working on novelization of penal law. The purpose of these works was to adapt old law to new political principles. These works were interrupted at the end of 1948. One of the reasons of this interruption were disagreements between members of the Codification Committee on the ways of making new law.
PL
Sejmik wielkopolski. Przeszłość i teraźniejszość, pod red. Andrzeja Kamieńskiego, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego, Szczecin – jarocin 2008, 183 strony.
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EN
The change of political climate in 1956 gave an opportunity to start open discussion about the condition of Polish judicial system. You could mention opinions in which lawyers demanded repairing “errors of the past” and proposed to impose measures for retaining legality in future. The basic topic of this discussion was concentrated on question of rehabilitation of those, who were unjustly punished in Stalin era. Judges and prosecutors were involved in the process of rehabilitation. The measures undertaken in 1956–1957 were far from expectations and from today’s perspective these measures can be qualified as insufficient.
EN
One More Opinion about Secret Sections in Polish Courts in the 1950s ‘Secret’ courts operating in the 1950s are a part of the infamous history of the Polish judiciary system. Although over half a century has passed since their creation, and Poland has went through a political transformation, such courts have not yet been held fully accountable for the crimes committed as an immediate effect of their decisions. It is worth noting, that the first attempt to hold these units accountable began during the crisis of the PRL in 1956. “The Thaw”, which then settled in various forms of social life, entered the judiciary system as well. Its end, as early as in the following year, had a clear influence on the effect of the post-October settling of scores. None of the ‘secret’ courts’ judges accused in front of a specially formed committee, were held responsible in any form, be it criminal or disciplinary.
EN
In November 1918, Poland regained its independence. However, it was the beginning of building the borders of the reborn country. Before the Vilnius region was incorporated into Poland in 1922, in the years 1919-1920 the Polish Army and the Polish administration organ- ised into the Civil Administration of the Eastern Lands exercised control over the area. Within its framework, the Polish justice system was created, whose functioning in its adopted form was interrupted and ultimately ended by the Bolshevik summer invasion (1920).
DE
Im November 1918 erlangte Polen die Unabhängigkeit zurück. Dies war je- doch Beginn des Aufbaus der Grenzen des wiedergeborenen Staates. Bevor das Vilniuser Gebiet im Jahre 1922 an Polen angeschlossen wurde, wurde die Macht über diese Region von 1919 bis 1920 durch die Polnische Armee und durch die polnische Verwaltung, die als Zivilverwaltung der östlichen Gebiete tätig war, ausgeübt. In ihrem Rahmen wurde die polnische Gerichtsbarkeit geschaffen, deren Funktionieren in der angenommenen Form den bolschewistischen Einmarsch im Sommer 1920 unterbrach und beendete.
PL
W listopadzie 1918 r. Polska odzyskała niepodległość. Był to jednak początek budowy granic odrodzonego państwa. Zanim Wileńszczyzna została włączona do Polski w 1922 r. w latach 1919-1920 władzę nad tym obszarem sprawowało Wojsko Polskie i polska administracja zorganizowana w Zarząd Cywilny Ziem Wschodnich. W jej ramach stworzono polski wymiar sprawiedliwości, którego funkcjonowanie w przyjętym kształcie przerwał i zakończył jednocześnie letni (1920) najazd bolszewicki.
EN
In November 1918, the future of the Eastern Lands of the pre-partition Commonwealth was a question mark. It was a case, for example, of the Sokółka area located in the Grodno Governorate of tsarist Russia, which found itself under the German occupation during World War I. The Germans did not leave it until the end of April 1919, and then it was taken over by Polish troops. It was then that the process of creating the Polish statehood in this area, in very difficult circumstances, commenced.
PL
W listopadzie 1918 r. przyszłość Ziem Wschodnich przedrozbiorowej Rzeczypospolitej stała pod znakiem zapytania. Tak było m.in. z położoną w guberni grodzieńskiej carskiej Rosji Sokólszczyzną, która w czasie I wojny światowej znalazła się pod niemiecką okupacją. Niemcy ustąpili z niej dopiero pod koniec kwietnia 1919 r. i wtedy też zajęły ją polskie oddziały. Rozpoczął się wówczas, w bardzo trudnych warunkach, proces tworzenia na tym obszarze państwowości polskiej.
EN
The creation of the justice system in Poland after it regained its independence in 1918 is an issue which does not attract too much interest from researchers. The main problem lies in the lack of historical sources on the subject. This is particularly evident with regard to the Eastern Lands of the Second Polish Republic as the archival materials concerting those lands were either destroyed during World War II, or if they were not, they are not easily accessible today. The judicial history of the Białystok region in the interwar period is not well known precisely because of the lack of sources. To date, the attempts to describe it have been based solely on press releases – mainly from the local newspaper 'Dziennik Białostocki' - and on normative acts published in government gazettes issued by the state authorities. Memoirs have also been consulted, but there are not many of them either. As it turns out, the Lithuanian Central State Archives in Vilnius has valuable materials on the beginnings of Polish judiciary in Białystok from the period of March 1919 to June 1919. Thanks to these few documents, we can learn not only about the difficult process of creating the local judiciary, but also about the first months of its operation and the names of the people who participated in it. Due to the fact that these archives are not easily accessible and no one has reached them before, some of them (showing case-law figures) have been published as material for future research.
PL
Tworzenie wymiaru sprawiedliwości po odzyskaniu przez Polskę niepodległości w 1918 r. to zagadnienie nie ciszące się zbyt dużym zainteresowaniem badaczy. Zasadniczy problem tkwi w braku źródeł historycznych dotyczących tej problematyki. Szczególnie jest to widoczne dla Ziem Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej, dla których materiały archiwalne uległy zniszczeniu w czasie II wojny światowej, a jeśli ocalały, to nierzadko dostęp do nich jest dziś dość utrudniony. Dzieje sądownictwa na Białostocczyźnie w okresie międzywojennym nie są dobrze znane właśnie z powodu braku źródeł. Dotychczasowe próby jego opisania opierały się wyłącznie na informacjach prasowych – głównie w oparciu o lokalną gazetę „Dziennik Białostocki” – oraz na aktach normatywnych publikowanych w dziennikach urzędowych wydawanych przez naczelne organy władzy państwowej. Sięgano również po literaturę wspomnieniową, ale i ta nie jest zbyt liczna. Okazuje się, że cenne materiały dotyczące początków polskiego wymiaru sprawiedliwości w Białymstoku z okresu marzec – czerwiec 1919 r. posiada w swoim zasobie Litewskie Centralne Archiwum Państwowe w Wilnie. Dzięki tym kilku dokumentom możemy poznać nie tylko niełatwy proces tworzenia miejscowego sądownictwa, ale także pierwsze miesiące jego działalności oraz z imienia i nazwiska ludzi, którzy w tym uczestniczyli. Z uwagi na fakt, iż archiwalia te nie są zbyt łatwo dostępne i nikt wcześniej do nich nie dotarł, część z nich (ukazujące działalność orzeczniczą w liczbach) opublikowano jako materiał dla przyszłych prac badawczych.
EN
From February to the end of June 1946, the so-called summary courts operated in the Bialystok voivodeship. They ruled under the auspices of the Summary Cases Division of the District Court in Bialystok. During the period in question, they tried 191 people in 104 cases and handed down 100 death sentences. Five military officers formally seconded to common courts acted as public prosecutors in these cases. These were: Major Czesław Łapiński, Captain Alfons Lisewski, Major Antoni Mamroth, 2nd Lieutenant Jerzy Kopyciński and Captain Jan Gutkowski. Although most of them (four) had pre-war legal training, none had the prosecutorial experience. However, before becoming prosecutors in the Bialystok summary department, they had already served in the military prosecutor’s office as assistant prosecutors after the war. After the end of the assignment, all of them, except Lisewski, remained in the structures of the military justice system. Kopyciński, who was the only one who did not have any legal education and did not complete it, he was only an investigating officer until the end of his work in the military prosecutor’s office (until 1952).
PL
Od lutego do końca czerwca 1946 r. na terenie województwa białostockiego funkcjonowały tzw. sądy doraźne. Orzekały one pod szyldem Wydziału do Spraw Doraźnych Sądu Okręgowego w Białymstoku. We wzmiankowanym okresie w 104 rozpatrzonych sprawach osądziły 191 osób i wydały 100 wyroków śmierci. W roli oskarżycieli publicznych wystąpiło w nich pięciu wojskowych oddelegowanych formalnie do sądownictwa powszechnego. Byli to: mjr Czesław Łapiński, kpt. Alfons Lisewski, mjr Antoni Mamroth, ppor. Jerzy Kopyciński oraz kpt. Jan Gutkowski. Choć większość z nich (czterech) legitymowała się przedwojennym wykształceniem prawniczym, żaden nie miał doświadczenia prokuratorskiego. Zanim przybyli w charakterze prokuratorów do białostockiego wydziału doraźnego, po wojnie pełnili już jednak służbę w wojskowej prokuraturze na stanowiskach podprokuratorów. Po zakończeniu delegacji wszyscy z wyjątkiem Lisewskiego pozostali w strukturach wojskowego wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Kopyciński, który jako jedyny nie miał wykształcenia prawniczego i go nie uzupełnił, do końca pracy w wojskowej prokuraturze (do 1952 r.) był tylko oficerem śledczym.
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