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EN
Białystok, which before 1939 was known as an important centre of Jewish life in Poland, in the years to follow – because of the war – stopped to be a Jewish hub. The majority of those citizens of Białystok who had survived the Holocaust, decided to abandon the ruined city which evoked bad memories. They were leaving the city gradually and, due to this process and the decisions of the communist authorities, the activities of Jewish institutions were languishing. After 1950 in the city there were fewer than 200 people who identified themselves as Jews and some of them still intended to leave the country. A department of the government-controlled Social-Cultural Association of Jews in Poland and (until 1954) a denominational congregation constituted the only still functioning Jewish institutions. The most important goal of the Jewish community was to organise celebrations commemorating subsequent anniversaries of the ghetto uprising in Białystok (1943). Limited cultural and self-helping activities were also conducted. The local Jewish community ceased to exist after 1968, when a considerable number of Polish Jews was forced to emigrate. Those who remained were mainly elderly people, who did not conduct any social activities. In the 1970s almost all of the still existing traces of Jewish presence in the city were obliterated. When, in the next decade, a wave of renewed interest in the Jewish culture came, not very numerous Poles were involved in Białystok.
PL
Związek Młodzieży Socjalistycznej był organizacją polityczno-wychowawczą działającą w PRL w latach 1957–1976. Z założenia był zorientowany na nowoczesność i podejmował działania, które miały służyć modernizacji gospodarki i społeczeństwa, a zwłaszcza industrializacji i urbanizacji. Kluczowe pytanie dotyczy efektywności tych akcji. Działania w dziedzinie gospodarki, takie np. jak podnoszenie wydajności pracy, zwiększanie innowacyjności czy wspieranie wielkich inwestycji przemysłowych poprzez werbowanie młodych pracowników, miały słabą skuteczność. Większe znaczenie miało wsparcie młodzieży w migracji ze wsi i pomoc w adaptacji w środowisku miejskim, propagowanie edukacji, a także wdrażanie do aktywności i elastyczności. Kierunek działań ZMS świadczy o stopniowym odchodzeniu od komunistycznego modelu modernizacji w stronę zachodniego, nastawionego na sukces indywidualny i konsumpcję.
EN
The Union of Socialist Youth (ZMS) was a political and educational organization operating in Poland from 1957 to 1976. It undertook a number of activities to modernize the economy and society, especially to support industrialization and urbanization. Among other things, the ZMS organized campaigns to raise labor productivity and innovation in the economy, and supported large industrial investments by recruiting young workers. The effectiveness of these activities was small, some of them even perpetuated the defects of the socialist economy. Of greater modernization significance was the promotion of education and, above all, the support given to young people migrating from the countryside to the cities and helping them adapt to the urban environment. The direction of the ZMS's activities testified to the gradual shift away from the communist model of modernization toward a Western model focused on individual success and consumption. It is important that ZMS members were expected to be active and flexible, which, after the overthrow of communism, helped them adapt to new conditions in a rapidly modernizing country.
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