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1

Druga polska wyprawa na Spitsbergen (w 1936 roku)

100%
Köhler P.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2016
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vol. 61
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issue 4
135–143
EN
The second Polish expedition to Spitsbergen took place in 1936. It was already the third Polish expedition to the Arctic (previous ones were: Bear Island in 1932-1933, Spitsbergen – Torell Land in 1934). The organizers and participants were: Stefan Bernadzikiewicz (1907-1939) – assistant at the Warsaw Technical University, leader of the 1934 expedition to Spitsbergen, Konstanty Narkiewicz-Jodko (1901-1963) – assistant at the Unit of Physisc of the Warsaw Univeristy, who specialised in stratosphere research, and Stanisław Siedlecki (1912-2002) – geology student at the Warsaw University, participant of both previous Polish polar expeditions. The expedition was supposed to be a kind of reconnaissance with climbing and scientific elements. The route of the expedition ran from the place of landing at the Hornsund fiord coastline (July 7) to the most southward cape of Spitsbergen – Sørneset (July 11). Next the expedition participants moved north across the eastern part of the island. After replenishing food supplies when the expedition was halfway through (August 4-11), its route ran to as far as the most northward Verlegenhuken cape (August 24), and then back to the southern Billenfjord coastline (September 1-5). Climbing and scientific part of the expedition failed. Because of quick march and frequent fogs measurements and topographical sketches were abandoned. Despite the lack of strictly scientific results, the expedition itself had great exploratory importance: for the first time in history, Spitsbergen was hiked across from south to north without the use of dogs.
2

Polska wyprawa na Grenlandię w 1937 r.

100%
Köhler P.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2017
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vol. 62
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issue 4
45–63
XX
The Polish expedition to Greenland in 1937 was the fourth Polish expedition to the Arctic in mid-war period. 7 persons took part in it: Stefan Bernadzikiewicz (1907–1939) – equipment and technical issues, Antoni Gaweł (1901–1989) – geologist, Alfred Jahn (1915-1999) – geographer, geomorphologist, Aleksander Kosiba (1901–1981) – leader, glaciologist and geo-morphologist, Stanisław Siedlecki (1912–2002) – meteorologist, Rudolf Wilczek (1903-1984) – botanist, Antoni Rudolf Zawadzki (1896–1974) – photogrammetrist. The expedition also hired six Innuits to help. The expedition was doing research from June 16 to August 23, 1937 on Arfersiorfik fiord (Western Greenland) on its initial section and its inshore strip 100 km inland. Results of the expedition: botany – samples were taken of the peat bog and tundra, geodesy – magnetic declination was mapped out – 56° W; geology – geological-petrographic charting of the outskirts of ice sheet was made, samples of the rock base, moraine and sedimentary ones were taken; geomorphology – structure and genesis of the landscape was studied, mainly of terraces, including isostatic movements; glaciology – shoreline of the ice sheet and its outskirts were studied; cartography, triangulation and toponomy – map of the land on a scale of 1 : 50 000 was published, 23 new names connected with Poland and Polish people were given; climatology – new meteorological data was collected from 2 stations; palynology – high content of pollen of coniferos trees was detected, particularly of pine, whose pollen was found even far to the north near Gothåb; pedology – different types of structural soils and their connection with the climate were described.
3

Polska wyprawa na Spitsbergen w 1934 roku

100%
Köhler P.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2015
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vol. 60
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issue 2
117–140
EN
Polish expedition to Spitsbergen in 1934 was already the second Polish polar expedition to the Arctic. It was scientific-mountaineering in character. 7 persons took part in it: Witold Biernawski (1898-1957) – film-maker and radiotelegraph operator, Stefan Bernadzikiewicz (1907-1939) – expedition leader, Henryk Mogilnicki (1906-1999) – photographer and radiotelegraph operator, Stefan Zbigniew Różycki (1906-1988) – geologist, Stanisław Siedlecki (1912-2002) – meteorological observer, Sylweriusz Bohdan Zagrajski (1892-1940) – triangulator, Antoni Rogal-Zawadzki (1896-1974) – topographer and photogrammetrist. The purpose of this expedition was to collect data in geology and cartography, and to a lesser degree – in glaciology, botany, zoology and meteorology. It lasted from May 20 to September 16, 1934. The time between June 20 – August 28 the group spent on Spitsbergen’s Torell Land. The outcome: an area of app. 300 square kilometres of previously undiscovered land was marked by triangular system, covered by photogrammetric photos and surveyed. Geological research covered the land of app. 500 square kilometres and the group collected geological specimens of app. 800 kg in weight. On the basis of their research, two maps (at a scale of 1:50 000 and 1:200 000) were published. The participants collected also botanical and zoological material. Meteorological observations were carried out at the base over Van Keulen fjord throughout the whole expedition. Different objects on Torell Land were named by the expedition, their names referring largely to Poland (Annex I). Approximately 200 photographs and a film were shot by the expedition. Apart from scientific research, the participants published also diaries of the expedition.
4

Zarys historii badań botanicznych podkarpacia (do 1939 r.)

100%
Köhler P.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2016
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vol. 61
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issue 1
65–115
EN
The beginnings of botanical studies in Sub-Carpathian region (now: Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Poland) reach back to mid-16th century. Only in the Primitiae florae Galiciae (Besser 1809), however, the first data on the localities of particular species can be found. The next stage in botanical studies started when the Physiographical. Commission was founded (1865), which awarded annual research grants. In the years 1865–1939, 52 research projects were financed and at least 126 works based on those projects were published in 1867–1939. Most of them concerned vascular plants (71), much less – fungi and slime molds (24), algae (11), lichen (9), fossil plants (8) and bryophytes (3). Majority of plants collected during that research are kept in the Herbarium of the W. Szafer Botany Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków. Until 1939, more than 57 botanists conducted botanical research in the area of Sub-Carpathian region.
5

Polska wyprawa na Spitsbergen w 1938 r.

100%
Köhler P.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2018
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vol. 63
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issue 2
7–27
EN
Polish expedition to Spitsbergen in 1938 was the fifth Polish expedition to the Arctic during interwar period. Four persons participated in it: geologist Bronisław Halicki (1902-1962) from Stefan Batory University in Vilnius, geographer and geomorphologist Mieczysław Klimaszewski (1908-1995) from the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, geologist Ludwik Sawicki (1893-1972), connected with the State Geological Institute in Warsaw, and Stefan Bernardzikiewicz (1907-1939) from the Warsaw Technical University (organizer and technical leader of the expedition). Polish expedition stayed from July 5th to September 6th 1938 on the Oscar II Land on Spitsbergen. The basis was set up on the Kaffioyr plain. Research was conducted within up to 100 km radius from the base. The main purpose of the expedition was to collect possibly enough data for comparison purposes that could enable studies of the Pleistocene deposits in Poland. The 2nd World War prevented researchers from working on the collected data and from publishing them. Only in 1960, M. Klimaszewski published a valuable geomorphological study devoted to the territory located between Kongsfjorden and Eidembukta. The data and experience obtained on Spitsbergen were of great importance for later interpretations, both Old Quarternary and Young Pleistocene, as well as Holocene geological profiles on the Polish Lowlands.
6

Naukowa spuścizna Jeana Emmanuela Giliberta w Polsce (egzemplarze dzieł, recepcja)

100%
Köhler P.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2015
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vol. 60
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issue 1
185–215
XX
In order to locate copies of the works of Jean Emmanuel Gilibert (1741–1814) located in Poland, 54 libraries were selected for inquiry, chosen on the basis of their history or of the nature or size of their collections. So far, 27 libraries have responded to the inquiry. There are works of J.E. Gilibert stored in 14 of them. To date, 102 copies of different editions catalogued under Gilibert’s name have been recorded in libraries in Poland. These books were placed in these libraries in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, mainly as part of donations from private libraries. In Poland, the reception of the botanical works of J.E. Gilibert changed over time. Initially they were accepted uncritically (Stanisław Bonifacy Jundziłł, Józef Jundziłł). Over time, and with the increase in floristic data subsequent to the publication of Gilibert’s works, his treatises were cited less frequently. As early as the second half of the nineteenth century, Polish botanists mentioned them only occasionally. More accurate works, containing newer taxonomical considerations of species, effectively supplanted the works of Gilibert in scientific circulation. It is worth noting that for contemporary plant taxonomy, the botanical works of Gilibert are of no scientific value. Four of them (Flora lituanica inchoata, Exercitium botanicum, Caroli Linnaei botanicorum principis, Exercitia phytologica) are listed in Appendix V, ‘Opera Utique Oppressa’, of the 2006 Vienna Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Names appearing in these works in the rankings specified at the end of each listing (species and intraspecific taxa) are not accepted as valid.
7

The First Flora of Poland

100%
Köhler P.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2020
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vol. 65
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issue 4
29–41
EN
A flora is a publication containing a list of species of wild plants of a given region along with the information on their localities, descriptions of their morphology, and keys for their determination. Johannes Thal’s Sylva Hercynia is considered the first flora ever published. From the 18th century onwards, floras of entire Western European countries were being published. Opisanie roslin w prowincyi W. X. L. naturalnie rosnących według układu Linneusza (Description of plants in the province of the G[rand] D[uchy of] L[ithuania] naturally growing according to the Linnaeus system) by Stanisław Bonifacy Jundziłł was printed in 1791. It includes 1,297 species, comprising 1,052 flowering plants, 85 mosses, 64 fungi, 49 lichens, 34 ferns and 13 algae, and contains 97 localities from the then Polish part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and 198 from the then Lithuanian one. The species are arranged according to the Linnaeus system, and their descriptions are concise. Contrary to its title, Opisanie roslin covers both the territories of Lithuania and Poland, which is why it should also be considered the earliest modern flora of Poland. Opisanie roslin played an important role in the history of Polish botany, especially in the development of floristics in Poland and Lithuania in the early 19th century.
8

HISTORY OF POLISH BOTANICAL AND MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCHES ON SHEETS OF LAND OF ANTARCTIC AND SUB-ANTARCTIC IN THE YEARS 1977-2009 (Dzieje polskich badan botanicznych i mykologicznych ladowych obszarów Antarktyki w latach 1977-2009)

63%
Köhler P., Olech M.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2011
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vol. 56
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issue 1
67-113
EN
The work includes a description of the period from the moment of setting up Polish Polar Station on King George Island (1977) to the end of International Polar Year IV in 2009. Researches on flower plants focused, among others, on plants' morphology, morphological composition of the pollen and anatomical ultra-structure of the leaves. There were also carried out biochemical and other searches for the internal mutability. Within physiological studies one concentrated on the problem of reaction to temperature stress. Biological researches focused mainly on solving taxonomic and bio-geographic problems. Finally, were published several monographs and, among others, the first in history complete description of moss' flora of the whole of Antarctic (2008). Research works over algae included also such issues as floristics, bio-geography, taxonomy and ecology (for instance, the rookery's impact on distribution of algae, or the influence of inanimate factors on dynamics of condensing the Diatoma in different water and soil-bound tanks). Up till now, within mycological investigations has been identified a variety of lichen fungi that for the most part of Antarctic are a novelty. There were scientifically described new for science genera and species of Western Antarctic. Lichenological studies were made in the field of taxonomy, geography, lichenometry, biochemistry of lichens, lichenoindication, ecophysiology and from the point of analysis of base metals' content. There were also described new for science species. Since 1991, were published the results of searches for the base metals' content and vestigial chemical elements in lichens' thallus. Ecophysiological researches concerned both micro-climatic conditions' impact on primary production and lichens' adaptation to a very cold climate. One discovered a mechanism of two-phase hydratization/dehydratization of lichens' thallus. On the ground of palaeobotanical analyzes was reconstructed a development of flora in Western Antarctic from the late Cretaceous period to the beginning of Melville's continental glaciation. One singled out three floristic stages and were reconstructed their peculiarities in the development of flora. There was also described an early Jurassic flora of Hope Bay (Pólwysep Antarktyczny - Antarctic Peninsula) that turned out to be the richest Jurassic flora in the world. From that point of view were analyzed new species of mineral plants. Ecological researches concentrated on the problems connected with several issues and, among others, with the processes of settlement and succession, distribution and ecology of land biotopes, changes in their spatial structure, and state of biotopes' biological mass. The second group of issues concerned the anthropogenous impacts. One also analyzed early stages of synanthropization of flora. Another important issue was recognizing an extent of the pollution of the environment, particularly with base metals. In the years 1977 - 2009 were published, at least, 426 notes, articles and monographs that were a result of botanical and mycological researches on sheets of land of Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic.
9
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Historia Ogrodu Botanicznego Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego w Wilnie (1919–1939)

63%
Zemanek A., Köhler P.
Studia Historiae Scientiarum
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2016
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vol. 15
301–345
PL
Ogród Botaniczny Uniwersytetu w Wilnie był łącznie przez ponad 70 lat placówką należącą do botaniki polskiej. Utworzony w 1781 r. przez Jeana Emmanuela Giliberta (1741–1814), w praktyce funkcjonujący od 1782 r., działał do 1842 r., kiedy to został zlikwidowany przez rosyjskiego zaborcę. W 1919 r. założono w nowym miejscu Ogród Botaniczny Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego (czynny od 1920 r.), pełniący funkcję zakładu pomocniczego dwóch zakładów (katedr) botanicznych. Organizatorem i pierwszym dyrektorem był w latach 1920–1923 fizjolog roślin – Piotr Wiśniewski (1884–1971). W latach 1924–1937 kierownictwo sprawował Józef Trzebiński (1867–1941) – mykolog, jeden z twórców polskiej fitopatologii, a w latach 1937–1939 – Franciszek Ksawery Skupieński (1888–1962) – badacz śluzowców. Dla rozwoju Ogrodu duże zasługi położył główny ogrodnik, czyli inspektor Konstanty Prószyński (Proszyński; 1859–1936), były właściciel ziemski, przyrodnik amator, autor jednej publikacji mykologicznej, zatrudniony w latach 1919–1936. Ogród, obejmujący ok. 2 ha, usytuowany był w zakolu rzeki Wilii zwanym Zakretem (po litewsku Vingis), poza centrum miasta. Mimo trudności finansowych założono tutaj działy roślin analogiczne do istniejących w innych ogrodach botanicznych: systematyki ogólnej, flory krajowej, roślin piaskowych (psammofilnych), roślin uprawnych, ekologii roślin, alpinarium, torfowisko wysokie, a także arboretum oraz gatunki wodne i błotne. W latach 1926–1929 wybudowano szklarnię dla uprawy roślin ciepłych stref klimatycznych. Grupy ilustrujące roślinność różnych typów siedlisk odzwierciedlały rozwój ekologii i fitosocjologii w nauce tego okresu. Liczba uprawianych gatunków wzrastała w miarę upływu czasu: od 1347 w latach 1923/1924 do ok. 2800 w okresie 1936/1937. Począwszy od 1923 r. zaczęto wydawać drukowane katalogi nasion. Prowadzono tutaj doświadczenia do prac naukowych, m.in. z zakresu fitopatologii. Kolekcje roślin wykorzystywano w czasie zajęć ze studentami, a także do edukacji młodzieży szkolnej i szerokiej publiczności. Po przyłączeniu Wilna do Litwy w 1939 r. władze litewskie zamknęły Uniwersytet Stefana Batorego, kończąc tym samym historię polskiego ogrodu botanicznego. Obecnie jego teren jest jednym z działów Ogrodu Botanicznego Uniwersytetu Wileńskiego (dział „Vingis” – Vilniaus universiteto botanikos sodas). Nadal służy studentom i mieszkańcom miasta, a kwitnące rośliny używane są do ozdabiania uniwersyteckich sal i uświetniania uroczystości.
XX
The university in Vilna (Lithuanian: Vilnius), now Vilniaus universitetas, founded in 1579 by Stefan Batory (Stephen Báthory), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, was a centre of Polish botany in 1780-1832 and 1919-1939. The Botanic Garden established by Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert (1741–1814) in 1781 (or, actually, from 1782) survived the loss of independence by Poland (1795), and a later closure of the University (1832), and it continued to function until 1842, when it was shut down by Russian authorities. After Poland had regained independence and the University was reopened as the Stefan Batory University (SBU), its Botanic Garden was established on a new location (1919, active since 1920). It survived as a Polish institution until 1939. After the Second World War, as a result of changed borders, it found itself in the Soviet Union, and from 1990 – in the Republic of Lithuania. A multidisciplinary research project has been recently launched with the aim to create a publication on the history of science at the Stefan Batory University. The botanical part of the project includes, among others, drafting the history of the Botanic Garden. Obtaining electronic copies of archival documents, e.g. annual reports written by the directors, enabled a more thorough analysis of the Garden’s history. Piotr Wiśniewski (1884–1971), a plant physiologist, nominated as Professor in the Department of General Botany on 1 June 1920, was the organiser and the first director of the Garden. He resigned from his post in October 1923, due to financial problems of the Garden. From October 1923 to April 1924, the management was run by the acting director, Edward Bekier (1883–1945), Professor in the Department of Physical Chemistry, Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. For 13 subsequent years, i.e. from 1 May 1924 to 30 April 1937, the directorship of the Garden was held by Józef Trzebiński (1867–1941), a mycologist and one of the pioneers of phytopathology in Poland, Head of the Department of Botany II (Agricultural Botany), renamed in 1926 as the Department of Plant Taxonomy, and in 1937 – the Department of Taxonomy and Geography of Plants. From May 1937 to 1939, his successor as director was Franciszek Ksawery Skupieński (1888–1962), a researcher of slime moulds. Great credit for the development of the Garden is due to the Inspector, i.e. Chief Gardener, Konstanty Prószyński (Proszyński) (1859–1936) working there from 1919, through his official nomination in 1920, until his death. He was an amateur-naturalist, a former landowner, who had lost his property. Apart from the work on establishing and maintaining the Garden’s collection, as well as readying seeds for exchange, he published one mycological paper, and prepared a manuscript on fungi, illustrated by himself, containing descriptions of the new species. Unfortunately, this work was not published for lack of funds, and the prepared material was scattered. Some other illustrations of flowering plants drawn by Prószyński survived. There were some obstacles to the further development of the institution, namely substantially inadequate funds as well as too few members of the personnel (1–3 gardeners, and 1–3 seasonal workers). The area of the Garden, covering approx. 2 hectares was situated on the left bank of the Neris river (Polish: Wilia). It was located on sandy soils of a floodplain, and thus liable to flooding. These were the reasons for the decision taken in June 1939 to move the Garden to a new site but the outbreak of the Second World War stood in the way. Despite these disadvantageous conditions, the management succeeded in setting up sections of plants analogous to these established in other botanical gardens in Poland and throughout the world, i.e. general taxonomy (1922), native flora (1922), psammophilous plants (1922), cultivated plants (1924/1925), plant ecology (1927/1928), alpinarium (1927–1929), high-bog plants (1927–1929), and, additionally – in the 1920s – the arboretum, as well as sections of aquatic and bog plants. A glasshouse was erected in 1926–1929 to provide room for plants of warm and tropical zones. The groups representing the various types of vegetation illustrated the progress in ecology and phytosociology in the science of the period (e.g. in the ecology section, the Raunkiaer’s life forms were presented). The number of species grown increased over time, from 1,347 in 1923/1924 to approx. 2,800 in 1936/1937. Difficult weather conditions – the severe winter of 1928 as well as the snowless winter and the dry summer of 1933/34 contributed to the reduction of the collections. The ground collections, destroyed by flood in spring of 1931, were restored in subsequent years. Initially, the source of plant material was the wild plant species collected during field trips. Many specimens were also obtained from other botanical gardens, such as Warsaw and Cracow (Kraków). Beginning from 1923, printed catalogues of seeds offered for exchange were published (cf. the list on p. ... ). Owing to that, the Garden began to participate in the national and international plant exchange networks. From its inception, the collection of the Garden was used for teaching purposes, primarily to the students of the University, as well as for the botanical education of schoolchildren and the general public, particularly of the residents of Vilna. Scientific experiments on phytopathology were conducted on the Garden’s plots. After Vilna was incorporated into Lithuania in October 1939, the Lithuanian authorities shut down the Stefan Batory University, thus ending the history of the Polish Botanic Garden. Its area is now one of the sections of the Vilnius University Botanic Garden (“Vingis” section – Vilniaus universiteto botanikos sodas). In 1964, its area was extended to 7.35 hectares. In 1974, after establishing the new Botanic Garden in Kairenai to the east of Vilnius, the old Garden lost its significance. Nevertheless, it still serves the students and townspeople of Vilnius, and its collections of flowering plants are often used to decorate and grace the university halls during celebrations.
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