General principles of systemic method in scientific research. Main representatives of the systems theory. The procedures of systemic explanation in politics (genetic, structural, functional). Values of systemic point of view. The model of politic system analysis. Components of the political system. Characteristics and functions of the political system (for example state). Advantages and disadvantages of the systemic method.
After the Second World War Poland went through three different geopolitical situations. Firstly, Poland was militarily and economically dominated by the Soviet Union, took part in the Warsaw Pact and in the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. The transition process that started in 1989 completely changed the entire political and military situation of the country. Poland redefined its foreign relationships. The number of our neighbouring countries also increased from three to seven. Poland tried to introduce a non-alignment policy. Following the accession to NATO and to the European Union, the role of Poland increased significantly. Poland is the sixth country in the EU population-wise and has an influence on common decisions. The country created new internal and external policies. Poland has also attempted to change its historical geopolitical position between Germany and Russia. Germany and Poland are members of NATO and EU together. Poland tries to emphasise its EU member position in the mutual relations with Russia. Poland is doing its best to maintain peace and good-neighbourly cooperation in Europe. The country has a vision of peace and freedom in the Central-Eastern European region that in the past just too often fell victim to conflicts and foreign domination.
The paper presents various features of the European continent’s identity which distin-guish it from the other continents. It emphasizes cultural heritage of Europe which has been shaped over centuries by nation-states and shared traditions in philosophy, science, literature and art. It points out that within Europe there coexist in harmony permanent European values and cultural heritage of the particular European nations while a multi-cultural model of the continent’s identity is being created which preserves its “unity in diversity”. The European identity has been influenced primarily by Greek cultural-intellectual traditions, Roman civic and legal traditions as well as universalist Christian ideas. They have shaped the development of civilization in Europe and co-contributed to the more contemporary features of the European identity, such as: the rule of advanced democracies, the expanded system of protection of human rights or the development of the Conferen-ce/Organization of Security and Co-operation in Europe. The main features of the European identity influence the community of the whole continent, more strongly in its Western part, where new cultural ideas and new trends in art and European thought have been born from the ancient times to the Renaissance and the Enlightenment until nowadays. The budding identity of European integration has a special character. It unites the heritage of the continent’s nations with pan-European values in a new communitarian system which has no counterpart in other continents.
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