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EN
The aim of the article is to present the causes of self-destructive behavior among intellectually disabled patients according to behavioral theory. We will provide 5 hypotheses on the occurrence of self-injurious behavior: 1) self-aggression as learnt behavior under the control of positive reinforcement, 2) self-aggression as acquired behavior resulting from avoiding an aversive stimulus (under the control of negative reinforcement), 3) self-aggression as a means of supplying oneself with stimuli (the self-stimulation hypothesis), 4) self-aggression resulting from improper functioning of physiological processes (the organic hypothesis), 5) self-aggression resulting from several of the above-mentioned reasons.
PL
ЛЕС В РАННЕМ ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ ЛЕОНИДА ЛЕОНОВА Резюме Автор анализирует эволюцию образа леса в следующих произведениях Л. Леонова: Бурыга, Случай с Яковом Пигунком, Петушихинский пролом и Барсуки. В тот период лес играет существенную роль в художественной модели мира названных произведений: это святое, магическое пространство и fuga mundi, традиционное убежище бунтарей и беглецов. Автор обращает внимание на такие черты таланта молодого писателя, как интерес к фольклору, творческое использование символических и психологических значений цвета и новаторский подход к экологическим проблемам. THE FOREST IN THE EARLY WORKS OF LEONID LEONOV Summary The author is writing about the evolution of the forest creation in Leonov’s works: Buryga, A Case of Yakov Pigunok, A Turning-point at Petushikha and The Badgers. In the presented world of these works the forest is the sacral, magic and fuga mundi space. The author is taking under her consideration the problem of colour and its symbolic sense. In her opinion the early works of Leonov are very connected with the XIX–XX century Russian paitings.
EN
The aim of the article will be to present the applied procedure and the results of studies on its effectiveness in the case of two children displaying an extreme form of food selection, i.e. refusing to eat. The first child, a two-year-old boy, was only breastfed at the start of the therapy, at which point he weighed 8,200 grams (well below the third centile in weight). The other child, a girl aged three, ate only yoghurt and one type of soup during a given period, while her weight remained within the third centile. In both cases behavioural intervention consisting in increasing food acceptance led to the increase in the number of eaten meals and in weight.
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