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William Chambers’s “Designs of Chinese Buildings, Furniture, Dresses, Machines, and Utensils” in Context: An Authoritative Guide to Chinese Visual Culture

100%
Kozik A.
Biuletyn Historii Sztuki
|
2022
|
vol. 84
|
issue 3
563-591
PL
Designs of Chinese Buildings, Furniture, Dresses, Machines, and Utensils Williama Chambersa (1723–1796) tradycyjnie uznaje się za wzornik przeznaczony dla europejskich architektów i zleceniodawców zainteresowanych tzw. stylem chińskim. W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę umiejscowienia traktatu Chambersa w szerszym kontekście postępów w dziedzinie nowożytnej (proto)sinologii i ówczesnych strategii radzenia sobie z nadmiarem wiedzy o chińskiej kulturze wizualnej. Niezależnie od oczywistej funkcji wzornika, publikacja Chambersa może być rozumiana jako część zjawiska, które dało początek wielu nowożytnym kompendiom dotyczącym Państwa Środka, takim jak naukowe publikacje jezuitów – dziełom mającym na celu uporządkowanie napływających chaotycznie informacji i przeformułowanie ich tak, by były dostępne szerszemu gronu odbiorców. Opierając sią na pracach takich badaczy jak Ann Blair i Georg Lehner, w pierwszej części artykułu skoncentrowano się na nowożytnych sposobach porządkowania wiedzy sinologicznej i narastającej wówczas potrzebie stworzenia jej naukowej syntezy. W części drugiej problem „przeciążenia informacją” omówiony został w odniesieniu do chińskiej produkcji artystycznej i jej percepcji w Europie. Ostatnia część tekstu jest poświęcona analizie Designs Chambersa jako autorytatywnego kompendium, stworzonego w celu jednoczesnego uporządkowania wiedzy o chińskiej kulturze wizualnej i dowiedzenia nieautentyczności opisów i ilustracji zawartych w innych wydawanych wówczas wzornikach.
EN
Traditionally, William Chambers’s (1723–1796) Designs of Chinese Buildings, Furniture, Dresses, Machines, and Utensils (1757) have been referred to as a pattern book designed for European architects and patrons interested in the so-called “Chinese style”. This study seeks to locate Chambers’s treatise in a broader context of both the European progress in the field of (proto-)sinology and the early modern strategies of coping with the abundance of knowledge about Chinese visual culture transferred to and disseminated in Europe. Its obvious role as a pattern book notwithstanding, Chambers’s book may be presented as a part of the phenomenon that gave rise to authoritative works of reference such as scholarly Jesuit publications, i.e., compendia aimed at structuring the chaotic influx of information and reformulating it in a universally accessible way. Drawing on the research of scholars such as Ann Blair and Georg Lehner, the first part of the article centres on the problem of structuring sinological knowledge in the early modern period and the need for scholarly syntheses. In section two, the same problem of information overload was identified with regard to Chinese artistic production and its reception in Europe. Finally, the last part offers an analysis of Chambers’s Designs as a normative work of reference conceived to simultaneously standardize knowledge about Chinese visual culture and to falsify the descriptions and illustrations included in other pattern books published at the time.
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Á LA FIN DE LA DECADENCE: LA TRADUCTION DE LANGUEUR DE PAUL VERLAINE PAR ZENON PRZESMYCKI ET SON INFLUENCE SUR LA DEFINITION POLONAISE DU DECADENTISME EUROPEEN

100%
Kozik A.
Prace Polonistyczne
|
2019
|
vol. 74
175-193
EN
The article examines the most significant semantic changes and transpositions that can be found in Zenon Przesmycki’s translation of the seminal sonnet Langueur written by Paul Verlaine in the second half of the nineteenth century. It closely analyzes the way in which the translation was used by Polish scholars of literary history. Having influenced the vision of culture nurtured by the so-called Decadent Movement in fin-de-siècle Europe, Verlaine’s poem was then employed in numerous academic studies as an illustration of the philosophy and the attitude towards society that were dominant in the period under discussion. In Poland, Przesmycki’s translation played an important role in defining the very term “decadent,” as several influential researchers used it in their analyses in order to provide their readers with Polish equivalents of the original French terms. As a result, Przesmycki’s version of Verlaine’s sonnet, although intended just as a poetic translation, served a different purpose from the ones that its translator could have ever imagined. It helped define and describe the culture of “decadent” Europe as a whole. The terminology Przesmycki used to translate the French words, such as langueur and decadence (“niemoc” and “wielkie konanie” respectively), was thus introduced into the Polish scholarly debate on European modernism. Premised upon the idea of cultural transfer (transfert culturel), the analysis presented in the article helps determine the extent to which Przesmycki’s translation shaped the Polish perception of fin-de-siècle Europe.
PL
The article examines the most significant semantic changes and transpositions that can be found in Zenon Przesmycki’s translation of the seminal sonnet Langueur written by Paul Verlaine in the second half of the nineteenth century. It closely analyzes the way in which the translation was used by Polish scholars of literary history. Having influenced the vision of culture nurtured by the so-called Decadent Movement in fin-de-siècle Europe, Verlaine’s poem was then employed in numerous academic studies as an illustration of the philosophy and the attitude towards society that were dominant in the period under discussion. In Poland, Przesmycki’s translation played an important role in defining the very term “decadent,” as several influential researchers used it in their analyses in order to provide their readers with Polish equivalents of the original French terms. As a result, Przesmycki’s version of Verlaine’s sonnet, although intended just as a poetic translation, served a different purpose from the ones that its translator could have ever imagined. It helped define and describe the culture of “decadent” Europe as a whole. The terminology Przesmycki used to translate the French words, such as langueur and decadence (“niemoc” and “wielkie konanie” respectively), was thus introduced into the Polish scholarly debate on European modernism. Premised upon the idea of cultural transfer (transfert culturel), the analysis presented in the article helps determine the extent to which Przesmycki’s translation shaped the Polish perception of fin-de-siècle Europe.   
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