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PL
Lubelska Delegatura Komisji Specjalnej do Walki z Nadużyciami i Szkodnictwem Gospodarczym (DKSL) była typowym ogniwem stalinowskiego systemu terroru w powojennej Polsce. Terenem działania DKSL było miasto Lublin oraz województwo lubelskie. Została powołana do życia 7 stycznia 1946 r. ma mocy przepisów dekretuz 16 listopada 1945 r. o utworzeniu i zakresie działania Komisji Specjalnej do Walki z Nadużyciami i Szkodnictwem Gospodarczym. Działalność rozpoczęła 15 stycznia 1946 r. a zakończyła 5 lutego 1955 roku. Była specyficznym, pozakonstytucyjnym administracyjnym organem o uprawnieniach policyjno-prokuratorsko-sądowych. Postępowanie przed delegaturą, w zasadzie, miało charakter inkwizycyjny, było jednoinstancyjne, orzeczenia niezaskarżalne, a prawo oskarżonego do obrony było znacznie ograniczone. DKSL sprawując wymiar sprawiedliwości skazywała ludzi na kary zasadnicze i dodatkowe nawet za czyny, które nie były ani przestępstwami, ani nawet wykroczeniami. Niejednokrotnie karała na podstawie przepisów aktów prawnych już nieobowiązujących. W zespołach rozpoznających DKSL często zasiadali jej pracownicy nieuprawnieni do sprawowania funkcji orzeczniczych. Skazywano osoby bez podstawy prawnej. Okres działalności lubelskiej DKS – to okres jawnego bezprawia, stosowania analogii w prawie karnym. Kierownictwo delegatury także podejmowało działania godzące w zasadę niezależności i niezawisłości sędziowskiej. Delegatura nie przestrzegała podstawowych zasad postępowania karnego. Analiza działalności DKSL prowadzi do konstatacji, iż była ona państwową organizacją przestępczą, instytucją charakterystyczną dla epoki polskiego stalinizmu. Na mocy postanowień o tymczasowym aresztowaniu - wydanych przez DKSL - w latach 1946-1950 zostało osadzonych w aresztach śledczych 1 329 osób. Łącznie w latach 1947-1954 delegatura skazała na kary zasadnicze 18 490osób, w tym do obozu pracy skierowała 2360osób, karą grzywny ukarała 15 896osób, a wobec 234osób orzekła obie kary łącznie.
EN
The Representation of the Special Committee for Fighting Corrupt Practices and Economic Sabotage in Lublin (RSCL) was functioning in the years 1946-1954. RSCL was the typical organ of penal repression. The Representation functioned in Lublin and Lublin province. The Representation was created on the legal basis of the decree dated the 16th November 1945 on creation and range of the Special Committee for Fighting Corruption Practices and Economic Sabotage (Dziennik Ustaw [1945] No. 53 item 302). The institution started its activities on the 15th day of January 1946. The Representation was an extrajudicial, extraconstitutional administrative body which dealt with uncovering and prosecuting crimes that threaten an economic and social life of the state (1946-1950). Officers RSCL which they possessed authorizations of judicial organs and procurators. The RSCL abused the centre of compulsion, what he was the preliminary custody sale often. The Representation gave the warrants of arrest of persons, meringues of sufficient legal basis many the times. The rules of interim detention they applied were determined by the instructions and guidelines of chief authorities of the Special Committee. The decisive prerequisite for using this preventive measure in relation to the alleged perpetrators of crime was their political ideology. The proceeding before the Representation was of inquisitional character. The defendant’s right to defense was limited. On given powers - by the Representation of the Special Committee in Lublin - decisions about interim arrest in years 1946-1950 - to prisons - on terrain of province Lublin - 1329 Polish citizens. RSCL sent 2,594 people to the compulsory labor camp in the years 1950-1954. The Representation of the Special Committee in Lublin ceased its activities on the 5th day of February 1955.
RU
Люблинское представительство Специальной комиссии по борьбе со злоупотреблениями и экономическим вредительством (ДКСЛ) была звеном сталинской системы террора в послевоенной Польше. Районом действования ДКСЛ был город Люблин и Люблинское воеводство. Создана 7 января 1946 г. в соответствии с положениями декрета с 16 ноября 1945 г. об созданию и сфере действия Специальной комиссии по борьбе со злоупотреблениями и экономическим вредительством. Комиссия начала деятельность 15 января 1946 г. а завершила 5 февраля 1955 года. Была oнa специфическим, внеконстытуционным административным органом об полицийно-прокураторско-следственных правах. Разбирательство перед представительством, в основном, имело инквизиционный характер, заключения не могли быть обжалованые, а право обвиняемого на защиту было значительно ограничено. ДКСЛ осуществляя правосудие, осуждала людей на основныe и дополнительные наказания даже за действия, которые не были преступлениями, ни даже нарушениями. Неоднократно наказывала на основании положений юридических актов, которые уже не действовали. В опознаваемых коллективах ДКСЛ часто были ее работники, не имеющие права к исполнeнию этих функции. Осуждали они без правового основания. Период деятельности люблинской ДКС - это период явного беззакония, использования аналогии в уголовном праве. Руководство представительства также принимало действия, которые нарушили принцип судебной независимости. Представительство не соблюдало основных правил уголовного процесса. Анализ деятельность ДКСЛ ведет к наблюдению, что была она государственной преступной организацией, типичным учреждением для эпохи польского сталинизма. В соответствии с решением о предварительном заключении - созданным ДКСЛ - в годы 1946-1950 было заключенных в камерах предварительного заключения 1 329 лиц. Вместе в годы 1947-1954 представительство осудило нa основныe наказания 18 490 лиц, в этом в трудовые лагеря направила 2360 лиц, денежным штрафом наказала 15 896 лиц, а для 234 лиц вынесено оба наказания вместе.
EN
The article investigates the persecution of the Catholic Church in the times of Stalinism, when the political power in Poland was largely centralized in the hands of the Communists of Jewish origin, who were sent by Joseph Stalin from Moscow in order to sovietize Poland. The Catholic Church, which had been defending the sovereignty of Poland for centuries, was treated by Com-munists as a greatest enemy of their objectives. The article shows the ruthlessness of the Com-munist regime, whose goal was to weaken the role of the Roman Catholic Church, and to liqui-date its leading institutions, such as the Catholic University of Lublin. It concisely presents main assumptions of the “anticlerical action” which was authorized by Hilary Minc and Jakub Ber-man. The paper contains legal reviews which indicate the illegal behavior of security officers in relation to Catholics, in particular to those of juvenile age. It argues that, with fighting against the Catholicism in Poland, the Communists infringed the law established by themselves. The article is a result of the many months inquiry in several archive institutes in Poland.
EN
In the Lublin region, just as in the entire People’s Republic of Poland, between 1948 and 1956 the campaign of forced collectivization of individual agriculture was carried out. Its main advocates and organizers: Jakub Berman, Hilary Minc and Roman Zambrowski. The main purpose of this undertaking was to incapacitate and nationalize the peasant class, prior to Poland’s joining the structure of The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The campaign to make farmers form production cooperatives was conducted by means of terror and belligerence. Farmers, who refused to join production cooperatives were intimidated in different ways; they were put under arrest or to prison. Finally, the campaign of forced collectivization of the Polish countryside by the emissaries from Moscow failed in October 1956 after Władysław Gomułka came into power. The number of farmers’ cooperatives in Poland organized and maintained between 1949 and 1956 under, in fact, economic and physical compulsion, dropped from 9,975 in June 1956 to 1,534 in December in thesame year, and in the Lublin region from 440 to 140.
PL
Brak abstraktu w języku polskim
EN
The article concerns the policy of communistic authorities towards the private trade sector in the Lublin region between 1944 and 1954 (the policy was analogous in entire Poland), especially during so-called “the battle for trade”, the aim of which was a definite termination of the class of traders. The sovietisation of trade in post-war Poland, more commonly known as “the battle for trade” was one of the most principal nationwide undertakings by the pro-Stalinist communistic regime of that time managing Poland and appointed by Joseph Stalin, the purpose of which was the general sovietisation of the Republic of Poland before the country could finally join the structure of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The prelude to sovietisation in the Lublin region occurred at the turn of 1946 and 1947. The climax took place between 1947 and 1948 and the period of decadence between 1949 and 1951, although it can be accepted that actually “the battle for trade” was going on until 1989 that is, until the time of political transformation in Poland and the return to the free-market economy. During the period of “the battle for trade”, as the result of repressive policy of the communistic authorities towards traders, the private trade sector almost entirely disappeared. The total termination of trade resulted in the fact that people in cities and the countryside lacked sufficient supplies of basic foodstuffs and industrial articles. Badly managed nationalized trade sectors, state-owned and cooperatives, were unable to provide the country with proper food supplies. The communistic regime and its incompetent economical policy caused chaos but attempted to soothe it by delivering basic foodstuffs and introducing the system of food ration coupons temporarily, which became the characteristic means of food distribution in the period of the People’s Republic of Poland.
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