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POLITIKY ZAMERANÉ NA CIGÁNOV/RÓMOV V STREDNEJ, JUHOVÝCHODNEJ A VÝCHODNEJ EURÓPE V OBDOBÍ KOMUNISTICKEJ VLÁDY

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Marushiaková E., Popov V.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 3
269 - 289
EN
There was a period of radical changes in the countries of Central, South-eastern and Eastern Europe at the end of World War II and subsequent years. In Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania, thanks to the active support of Soviet Union, the local communist parties came to power and secured complete control in all spheres of public life. Social and economic changes were carried out in all areas of life; these affected the entire population and only a relatively small part were focused on Gypsies exclusively, who were a specific target of active government policy in individual countries during the different periods. Despite the fact that a common ideology united the ‘socialist camp’, the policies focused on Gypsies were not identical. Differences appeared, based on models from the past and on the specific national strategies of the individual states. The present article is an attempt to offer a new view, freed from superimposed ideology, of state policies focused on Gypsies in the countries of Central, South-eastern and Eastern Europe during the period of communist rule. Particular attention is given to the policies in the areas of sedentarisation, residence, development and retention of ethnic culture, and opportunities for organisational life. In conclusion, the study presents a provisional evaluation of the politics of the so-called socialist states from the aspect of the successful integration of Gypsies into society.
2

Wspolczesne migracje cyganskie w przestrzeni postsowieckiej

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Marushiakova E., Popov V.
Studia Romologica
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2012
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vol. 5
113-140
EN
In recent years the topic of Roma migrating from countries in Eastern Europe towards Western Europe, became especially popular in the public domain. Much less attention is paid to the migrations on the borders of European Union and outside it. The present article has ambitious goal to fulfill this gap and to present contemporary Gypsy migrations in Post-soviet space, based on the view of their historical development, which however does not mean linear reading of the history of the problem. Leading place in our analysis has revealing of the nature of the processes. As it is shown these migrations are driven by the demand for collective strategies in response to the ongoing societal changes. The analysis is based on observance of the different reactions of Gypsy communities to the modification of soviet and post-soviet economical and political space. The researched processes appear to be more or less non-coherent in practice and in specific cases, the processes may even sometimes acquire opposite directions, as the Gypsy communities are heterogeneous and since the situation in various former Soviet republics is different. In spite of this non-coherency and controversy the dependence of the specifics, scope and directions of Gypsy migration from general social and economical context of their home places and from general geopolitical development of the region is obvious.
3

Pierwsze organizacje Cyganów/Romów

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Marushiakova E., Popov V.
Studia Romologica
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2015
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vol. 8
13-28
EN
Over the past two decades the Roma issue has become one of the most current topics in European public space and also became especially relevant within academia. Despite of this there are still under-researched topics, such as history of the emer gence and development of Roma emancipatory movement on the eve of modern times. On base of archival research the article presents the first certainly documented testimony of Roma aspiration towards civil emancipation in “A letter to the editor” published in 1868; first attempt for self-organization of Roma from Bulgarian town of Vidin from 1910, the creation and activities of the first organizations in city of Sofia from 1919 and others. The article revails previously unknown facts about the history of Roma movement, reflecting the first of all attempts for empowerment of the Roma communities in the pre-industrial period and their struggle for equality in Eastern Europe. At the end in the article is proposed an explanation about the reasons for the rapid development of Roma movement especially in Southeastern Europe in context of their societal position.
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