Celem badań była ocena regionalnego zróżnicowania poziomu kapitału ludzkiego w Polsce oraz zmian, jakie zaszły w tym zakresie w latach 1999–2014. Wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz podsumować można następująco. Regionalne zróżnicowanie poziomu kapitału ludzkiego w Polsce wzrosło, nadal utrzymuje się jednak na poziomie umiarkowanym. Przyczyną rosnących regionalnych dysproporcji w tym zakresie są równolegle zachodzące procesy konwergencji i dywergencji wewnętrznej województw, w tym również o charakterze marginalizacji. Liderami pod względem poziomu kapitału ludzkiego są województwa mazowieckie i małopolskie, które dystansują pozostałe obszary kraju. Najniższym poziomem kapitału ludzkiego charakteryzuje się województwo lubuskie, którego dystans w stosunku do pozostałych województw pogłębia się, co świadczyć może o niebezpiecznym zjawisku marginalizacji tego regionu.
EN
The aim of our study has been to assess the regional diversity in the level of the human capital in Poland and the changes that occurred in this regard over the period of 1999–2014. The results of our analyses can be summarised as follows. Regional differences in the level of human capital in Poland have grown but are still moderate. The causes of the increasing regional disproportions are the ongoing parallel convergence and divergence processes within the provinces, including ones which correspond to marginalisation. The leaders in terms of the human capital were the Province of Masovia (województwo mazowieckie) and Province of Malopolska (województwo małopolskie), which outdistance all other Polish provinces. The lowest level of human capital was determined in Lubuskie Province (województwo lubuskie), which is increasingly staying behind the rest of Poland, a fact that may indicate dangerous marginalisation of this region.
Celem badań była ocena regionalnego zróżnicowania efektywności ekonomicznej przedsiębiorstw prywatnych w Polsce. Podjęto próbę udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie: Czy regionalne różnice w poziomie efektywności ekonomicznej przedsiębiorstw prywatnych w Polsce pogłębiają się, czy są niwelowane? Na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz sformułowano następujące wnioski. Regionalne zróżnicowanie efektywności ekonomicznej przedsiębiorstw prywatnych w Polsce w latach 1999-2008 nieznacznie się zmniejszyło, nadal utrzymuje się jednak na poziomie średnim. Przyczyną tego jest bardzo zróżnicowana dynamika zmian zachodzących w tym zakresie w poszczególnych województwach oraz równolegle następujące procesy konwergencji i dywergencji wewnętrznej województw.
EN
The aim of the research was the evaluation of the regional disparities in the economic efficiency of private companies in Poland. An attempt to answer the following question was taken: Do the regional disparities in the economic efficiency of private companies in Poland are increasing or decreasing? On the basis of the research results one can obtain some important conclusions. Regional disparities in the economic efficiency of private companies in Poland during years 1999-2008 have slightly decreased, and still remain at the average level. It was caused by the different dynamics of economic processes occurring in voivodships and also by the processes of the internal convergence and divergence of voivodships.
This study has been performed in order to assess the return on sales for business enterprises in Eastern Poland, compared to companies in other Polish regions, and to explore how values of this metric have changed between 2007 and 2013. The findings can be summarized as follows: in 2007-2013, the gross return on sales generated by companies in the provinces of Eastern Poland, as well as elsewhere in the country, decreased. However, the dynamics of these changes varied greatly between individual provinces. Within the whole conglomeration of the Polish provinces, certain processes of internal convergence and divergence could be distinguished. Divergent processes were identified in two provinces located in Eastern Poland, namely the Lubelskie region and the Podlaskie region, while the other three provinces in the same part of Poland (Podkarpackie, Świętokrzyskie and Warmińsko-Mazurskie) were observed to undergo convergent processes.
The aim of the undertaken research was to assess the regional diversification in economic effectiveness of private enterprises in Poland. The assessment was conducted at NUTS II regional level encompassing the voivodships for two selected years - 1999 and 2006. The studies confirmed that regional diversification is indicated by all three indicators of the economic effectiveness of enterprises, i.e. labor productivity, gross return on capital employed and return on equity. However the scale of that diversification measured by the variability coefficient level decreased during the period covered. For example, in 1999 the variability coefficient for the ROE was as much as 75.5%, which means high diversity of voivodships as, concerns the level of that indicator. On the other hand, in 2006 that indicator was at the level of 18,9% and the voivodships proved less diversified as concerns that indicator.
The paper aims at investigating the dependence between the investment attractiveness of provinces and differences in frequency of application of individual privatization methods in the provinces. The studies confirmed that frequency of indirect and direct privatization application in provinces determines to a certain extent the investment attractiveness of those provinces. Both methods in absolute terms were used most frequently in the regions characterized by very high or high investment attractiveness, and relatively the least frequently in the regions with of low attractiveness. The studies have shown that investment attractiveness of provinces is not the most important factor determining the choice of privatization method in the region, it depends heavily on the number of enterprises covered by transformations in a given province, structure and specific characteristics of the transformed entities and a number of other factors of social and economic nature.
Evaluation of the correlation between the economic efficiency level of private companies in Poland and the quality of location in the regions was the aim of the study. Based on the conducted analyses it was established that the level of sales markets absorptiveness shows the strongest correlation with the level of economic efficiency of the companies surveyed. The majority of regions characterised by absorptive sales markets also recorded good results in economic efficiency of companies located there while voivodships with low internal demand were characterised by definitely lower efficiency. Increasingly strong correlation was also recorded between the economic efficiency level of the companies surveyed and the level of knowledge in the regions. This may be the signal that currently the location factors of "soft" nature present increasing influence on the efficiency of companies and it is not impossible that their importance will continue increasing.
The objective of the study was an evaluation of the regional diversity of the innovation system in Poland and changes which took place in this realm between 2009 and 2014. In the study, numerical taxonomy methods were used. A synthetic innovation index was built with the use of the non-model method. The results of analyses may be summarised as follows: regional disparities in the level of the innovation system in Poland have slightly decreased; however, they are still at the average level. This is confirmed by the value of the variability index, which dropped from the level of 31.6% in 2009 to the level of 29.9% in 2014. Regional convergence in the area of the innovation system was accompanied by internal convergence and divergence processes occurring in parallel in provinces. Internal convergence processes were observed in 11 provinces, and internal divergence processes were observed in the remaining five provinces, yet in the case of three of them, i.e. Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Świętokrzyskie and Warmińsko-Mazurskie, such processes had a marginalising effect.
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań dotyczące regionalnego zróżnicowania produktywności pracy przedsiębiorstw prywatnych w Polsce oraz zmian jakie zaszły w tym zakresie w latach 1999-2011. Wyniki przeprowadzonych analiz, podsumować można następująco. W latach 1999-2011, we wszystkich województwach odnotowano wzrost produktywności pracy, przy jednoczesnym zmniejszeniu regionalnego zróżnicowania w tym zakresie. W zbiorowości województw obserwowano również równolegle zachodzące procesy konwergencji i dywergencji wewnętrznej, w tym także o charakterze marginalizacji W konsekwencji zachodzących zmian, najniższe lokaty w rankingu pod względem poziomu produktywności pracy, zajęły w 2011 r. takie województwa jak: warmińsko-mazurskie, podkarpackie, łódzkie i lubelskie. Najwyższą lokatę w rankingu zajęło województwo mazowieckie, które już na początku badanego okresu charakteryzowało się 2-krotnie wyższym poziomem produktywności pracy niż pozostałe województwa.
EN
The article presents the results of research on the regional differences in the labour productivity of private companies in Poland, and the changes that were occurring in this area in the years 1999-2011. The results of the analysis can be summarized as follows. In the years 1999-2011, the level of labour productivity of researched companies increased in all regions, and the regional differences in this area were reduced. In the population of voivodships, the processes of the internal convergence and divergence, including a nature of marginalization were observed. As a result of the changes, the lowest level in the labour productivity ranking, occupied in 2011, were the voivodships such as: Warmińsko-Mazurskie, Podkarpackie, Łódzkie and Lubelskie. Mazovieckie voivodship took the highest place in this ranking, which at the beginning of this period was characterized by a nearly 2-fold higher level of labour productivity than the rest of the voivodships.
The aim of this paper is to present the role of clusters as an important factor in region's intellectual capital. Special attention was paid to relations capital which develops the intellectual capital not only in the region but in the company as well. The clusters play a very important role in company development in a way of gathering different kinds of organizations, stimulate innovation and help to maintain the relations. The net of clusters connection is based upon the human capital (relation) that helps to create new and more effective relations. The effects are not related to the members of the cluster but to the business environment as well. This relations capital is very important for intellectual regional assets and determines competitiveness.
The aim of the research was to evaluate system transformation processes, i.e. market changes and European integration occurring in parallel. Both of these conditions have been the most significant influences on the economy of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe since 1990. The basis for this evaluation was an analysis of the changes in macroeconomic indicators specifying the level and the rate of GDP increase, inflation and unemployment in 1990-2007. It was established that the Polish economy developed faster in this period in comparison to the average level of 15 existing EU member states. Among the new members of the European Union (since 1 May 2004), Poland is one the most slowly developing states - with the highest unemployment rate, but also with relatively low inflation.
The purpose of this article has been to present the history of the Polish National Cittaslow Network, to discuss its development and to draw the attention to the diversity of network member cities. The authors emphasise the fact that the Polish National Cittaslow Network is developing very dynamically, and is the second largest network of Cittaslow in the world. Today, it is composed of 28 cities, of which 20 lie in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship. Other two centers are currently in the process of joining the network. The member cities are diverse in terms of their size as well as environmental or cultural assets. They are also diverse in terms of the level of socio-economic development. There are such cities in the network whose level of entrepreneurship, measured by the number of private sector businesses per 1,000 residents, is much higher than the average for the whole network (Rzgów, Murowana Goślina), but there are also cities with a very low level of entrepreneurship (Rejowiec Fabryczny, Jeziorany). Despite the differences, the cities associated in the network share the same concept and pursue shared aims in order to improve the quality of life for their inhabitants. They are proponents of implementing pro-social and pro-environmental measures, while striving to preserve the unique character of each of these cities.
International cooperation between cities is conducted in numerous spheres, including economic, social, and cultural. It is determined by various factors such as the similarities and previous interrelations between cities, a desire to exchange good practices for management and quality of life improvement and by economic conditions. An example of international cooperation between cities is the Cittaslow network. The aim of this article is to present the concept of international cooperation between cities based on the example of the cities of the Cittaslow network and to identify the determinants and benefits of such cooperation. The Cittaslow network is an affiliation of over 230 cities from all over the world. The reason for their cooperation is the similarities between them, in this case, with respect to their size and the development model they have adopted. Within the Cittaslow network, cooperation takes place between small cities which want to grow in accordance with the “slow” movement principles and make such cooperation very advantageous for the following spheres: environmental, social, economic and spatial.
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