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1
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Nieznane malowidła ścienne w drewnianym kościele parafialnym p.w. św. Mikołaja w Gąsawie

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Jankowski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2001
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issue 1
81-88
EN
Fragments of the murals were discovered in 1999 during the exchange of one of the elements of the northern nave wall at the time of repairing the church. The painted decoration of the entire wall was uncovered in July that year. Probes confirmed the presence of murals in the whole interior. A superficial analysis demonstrated that the paintings originate at least from three phases. At this moment, only one of those phases has been dated as 1706, a supposition confirmed by a commemorative inscription. This decoration, by no means the most recent, conceals the other strata. The characteristic and stratification proposed in the article do not assume unambiguous solutions. A formal-stylistic assessment is rendered impossible by the unsatisfactory state of the preservation of the monument. In addition, there are no available results of technological research. We can generally ascertain that the decorations were executed by using variously prepared tempera—thick and thin. The thin layer of the ground was placed only underneath the oldest paintings fromthe turn of the first and second quarter of the seventeenth century. The sole extant remnants are the octagonal „quarters” surrounded with an ochre frame, granted a distinct contour. The origin of the successive phase of the decoration is placed in the 1670s. The best preserved are the paintings from1706. Their forms, shaped by means of colour and chiaroscuro, characteristic ornaments and a programme-like illusionism aimed at transforming the optical merits of the interior are concurrent with the stylistic of mature Baroque painting. The latest decoration was probably painted immediately after 1816, when a brick chapel was added to the northern nave wall.
2
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Drewniany kościół w Gąsawie - przykład nierozpoznanej konstrukcji w architekturze sakralnej

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Jankowski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2001
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issue 1
19-29
EN
The seventeenth-century wooden church of St. Nicholas in G¹sawa is one of the most important testimonies of the cultural heritage of the Pa³uki region. Alongside the church in Tarnów Pa³ucki it is the oldest extant wooden church in Pa³uki and one of the oldest within the range of historical Greater Poland. The tower-less, single-nave object with a small distinct sacristy and porch, with boarding on the outside and plaster inside, and a solid slightly deformed at the beginning of the nineteenth century by the addition to the nave of an unproportionately large, brick cylindrical chapel, did not meet with greater interest on the part of researchers. Recorded in catalogues of monuments and locally issued publications concerning the history of the region the church was discussed laconically as an edifice with a uniform construction, erected in 1674 (as evidenced by the date inscribed on the bell of the rood arch beam), and founded by Kazimierz Brzechwa, the abbot of Trzemeszno. Recent thorough repairs revealed the heretofore concealed original appearance of the church. The removal of nineteenth–century boarding and plaster showed that the church in G¹sawa has a double, frame supporting structure of the roof, while the interior walls are covered by at least three layers of painted decoration. An analysis of the architectonic structure, dendrochronological examinations, an archival survey, and an initial analysis of the arrangement programmes of particular phases of the painted decoration permitted the assumption that the gable walls, the frame and the rafter framing date back to the seventeenth century, but do not share a joint origin. The oldest are the frame walls, probably a remnant of a church raised at the end of the first quarter of the seventeenth century. The date on the rood arch beam — 1674 — commemorates not the construction but the reconstruction of the object, partially destroyed during the Swedish wars. Up to the 1690s the church was a frame construction. From 1697 to 1699 the frame became encircled on the outside by a skeletal structure (without nogging). The most likely reason for this solution was the enlargement of the nave windows. The skeletal construction relieved the weakened frame and guaranteed stability to the static configuration of the edifice. The organic union of the frame and skeletal structure and the rafter framing made it possible to recognise the carrying systemof the roof as the effect of a well–devised architectonic conception. Up to now, literature concerning wooden churches has not distinguished the double, frame–skeletal, construction of the walls. Similar solutions have been recorded only among non–extant examples of the architecture of wooden synagogues in the former Commonwealth. On–the–spot investigations, albeit for the time limited to select objects in historical Greater Poland, have demonstrated that churches with a double carrying roof construction are not as exceptional as it might be assumed upon the basis of pertinent literature. Solutions similar to the “G¹sawa” model have been discovered in both seventeenth– and eighteenth– century churches. At the present stage it is still difficult to draw concrete conclusions concerning the origin and evolution of wooden churches with a double, frame–skeletal wall construction, which calls for further studies. Today, the most important is the very fact that this type of construction has been classified in sacral architecture of the Christian cultural range.
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THE HERITAGE OF MENNONITES IN THE VISTULA VALLEY (Dziedzictwo mennonitów w nadwislanskim krajobrazie kulturowym)

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Jankowski A.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 3-4
413-426
EN
In studies devoted to the history of Dutch settlers in Poland we can often find the opinion that the wooden houses built in the end of the 18th c. and the 19th c. in the Vistula valley are Mennonite houses and can be linked with the Netherlandish building tradition of the 16th c. In fact, all the material traces of the first Mennonite settlers are long gone. In the 18th c., especially after the first partition of Poland, most of the Mennonites left and were replaced by German settlers of Evangelical denomination. Those who decided to stay in the Vistula valley lost their original privileges and were assimilated. The wooden houses which are popularly called 'Dutch', surviving until today in the Vistula valley, are wide-front peasant cottages of log construction, built in the shape of T, with an arcade supported by 4-9 poles. Houses of that sort are of Franconian provenance and appeared in the Vistula valley together with German settlers in the 18th c. In new conditions German settlers replaced the traditional frame construction with the log construction. Only one such house, located in Chrystkowo (district of Swiecie), comes from the 18th c. We do not know anything about the houses built in the Vistula valley in the 16th-18th c. They might have been narrow-front houses with an arcade on the gable (such as the house in Gdansk-Lipce, built in 1572), forming a homestead together with other detached buildings. This kind of house probably developed in the 14th c. in connection with the settlement campaign initiated by the Teutonic Order in Prussia and in the Zulawy. Thus, the Mennonites may have used the local model of homestead, well-tried in a frequently-flooded area. The old tradition derived from the Middle Ages vanished after the wars at the beginning of the 18th c. The nineteenth-century houses in the Vistula valley testify to other tendencies, which emerged with the industrialization of villages under the influence of new groups of settlers and Prussian building regulations.
4

PROBLEMS IN INTERPRETING SOURCES TO THE HISTORY OF BUILDING IN GREAT POLAND IN VIEW OF THE RECENT RESEARCH ON WOODEN CHURCHES FROM THE 17TH-18TH C. (Polish title below)

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Jankowski A.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2007
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vol. 55
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issue 2
123-139
EN
(Original title: (Problemy interpretacji zrodel do dziejów budownictwa w Wielkopolsce w swietle najnowszych badan kosciolów drewnianych z XVII-XVIII w.) One of the main weaknesses of research on Polish wooden architecture conducted in the last 150 years is an insufficiently detailed typology of timber constructions. The presently-used classification of sacred buildings is not linked with in situ architecture analyses or with the actually recognized range of historical buildings. Old churches have been classified according to the popular typology of wooden structures, established about 100 years ago, including log, post-and-log and skeleton constructions, while in fact in Great Poland only there are at least 40 churches from the 17th-18th c. which do not fit the typological scheme dominant in the Polish literature of the subject. The churches in question have a characteristic double structure of the outer walls; in most cases the carcass is surrounded with a closely adjoining skeleton. In several cases the outer skeleton was added later that the whole structure was built; in the 17th-18th c. this was a very common method of strengthening a carcass that was losing stability or structural strength. In over 30 buildings the double structure was initially planned; in some the idea is very close to or identical with the Umgebinge construction. The fact that the Umgebinde (outer skeleton) system was firmly established in church building practice in Great Poland is an important motivation for reviewing the conventional views on the origin and topography of Umgebinde architecture. The popularity of the double structure of walls (a carcass linked with a skeleton) in old wooden buildings is confirmed by written sources. Inventories and protocols of estate inspections and parish visitations, written both in Latin and in Polish, mention such structures very frequently. Their advantages and theoretical foundations were described in the oldest Polish treaty on architecture, published in the mid 17th c. Unfortunately, the typology of old wooden structures established in the literature, together with the insufficient knowledge of old carpentry terminology and of the building practices registered by old handbooks of architecture, did not facilitate a correct interpretation of such mentions. Ethnographers at most concluded (wrongly) that the structures in question were unspecified atypical solutions, resulting from 'primitive' simplifications and reductions. Archivists and historians of architecture usually simply disregarded repeated mentions such as: Ecclesia ab extra more pruthenico lateribus circumducta intra lignea constructa (1672 - a description of the church in Oporowo near Leszno) or Ecclesia lignea de fortis more pruthenico cincta (in the years 1718, 1724, 1787 - descriptions of the church in Prochy near Wielichowo). To conclude, written sources confronted with newest studies of wooden sacred buildings produce a picture of wooden architecture and Polish carpentry which is much richer and more complex that it was assumed until recently. This points to an urgent need to verify the methodology of research on old wooden buildings in Poland.
5
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Jubileuszowy rok konserwatorstwa polskiego : uwagi o znaczeniu powojennych odkryć późnogotyckich malowideł ściennych na Śląsku

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Jankowski A.
Ochrona Zabytków
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1998
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issue 4
396-401
EN
Postwar discoveries of numerous Late Gothic complexes of murals in Silesia can be included into the greatest achievements of Polish conservators in recent decades. The disclosed material became an invaluable source of knowledge about the stylistic properties of murals from the second half of the fifteenth century and the beginning of the sixteenth century. First and foremost, it accentuated the importance of the problem of space in the development of this domain of art during the last stage of the Gothic style. Late mediaeval sacral interiors were embellished with decorations creating a suggestive illusion of painterly and architectonic space. This feat called for the capability of analysing the optical and perceptive situation of the viewer, and the adaptation of the decorative conception to the architectonic- spatial conditions of the interior. Painters constructed space in an intuitive manner, but also upon the basis of principles close to the Renaissance geometric perspective, skillfully combined with so-called colour and aerial perspective. Those innovative attainments of the Silesian artists did not alter the fundamental functions of wall decorations, which in sacral buildings continued to serve the purposes of catechesis. The impression of integral space, connected with the presentation of the vision of sacrum, as well as architectonic space, produced a feeling of direct bonds with the world of religious transcendence and helped to understand the essence of the sacral interior and the rites performed therein. Nonetheless, in comparison with earlier works, Late Gothic murals required a greater perspective involvement of the viewer, both emotional and intellectual. Historical monuments discovered during the recent decades enhanced our knowledge about the contents, changing social determinants, techniques, and new colour solutions of murals at the threshold of the Renaissance.
6
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Nowe perspektywy badań zabytkowej architektury drewnianej

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Jankowski A.
Biuletyn Historii Sztuki
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2015
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vol. 77
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issue 2
315-338
EN
The issue of double wall construction of wooden historic architecture, recently introduced into the academic circulation, critically verifies the construction typology of old wooden building. The double wall construction formula defines a peculiar structure of perimeter walls, bringing side by side the framework and log constructions. Such is the construction system used in the walls of some dozens of Greater Poland wooden churches from the 17th-18th centuries, which have so far been falsely classified as either log or frame structures. The double wall construction was created either straight away (which was the usual way), or as the result of a framework structure being added to the skeleton of an older building. The first displays varied mutual relations of the framework and log systems: from the autonomous arrangement put side by side to the ones integrated in one frame. Both wall construction systems (with the framework always from the inside) usually adhere or are separated by several centimeters. Roof truss beams rest either simultaneously on caps of the frame and the skeleton, or just on the cap of frame. In the latter case, the construction system better fits the definition criteria of the post-supported construction and is classified by the Author as the post-supported system; meanwhile, the system in which the roof load-bearing function is exerted by the logs and the framework is qualified as quasi- post-supported. The structure that combines the log and framework construction within one frame is referred to as frame-and-log. Here the posts strengthened from the exterior with spandrel beams and struts, are at the same time uprights with grooves hollowed from the side of the interior into which planks are inserted, tightly ‘filling’ the spans and forming the wall face. Double wall constructions with a framework added subsequently is most often the trait of the quasi-post-supported system, yet solutions of the post-supported type have also appeared. The double wall construction in wooden sacral architecture in Greater Poland has proved to be not so much a regional, as a universal question, rooted in the century-long guild tradition of European craftsmanship. It is related to the yet unsolved issues of the genesis, function, and development of the post-supported construction. The fact that structural solutions that can be classified as the post-supported construction existed in sacral architecture in the 17th18th centuries defies such hypotheses of the postsupported construction coming to existence as, e.g. the theory of ‘shocks’ (weaving workshops) or the theory of a ‘wrinkling arcade. The post-supported and quasi-post-supported constructions of Catholic and Protestant churches in Greater Poland, (together with some non-extant 17th-18th-century quasi-postsupported synagogues) challenges the belief, wellrooted in literature, that post-supported construction was used only in secular buildings. It also opposes the assumption of the post-supported constructions developing linearly. However, the occurrence of frame-and-log systems in Greater Poland churches in the 17th-18th centuries urge us to verify the so-far ascertained territorial range and evolution of the construction defined in German literature on the subject as Bundwerk.
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