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EN
Film—Video—Arts: Bill Viola’s The Passions The author of the article interprets The Passions cycle by Bill Viola, initiated in 2000 and concluded with a series of exhibitions in 2003 and afterwards. In many projects composing the cycle, though not in all, Viola used film camera only to transfer the recorded material to video later. His inspirations come form medieval and renaissance art which is exemplified through depiction of objects and characters and clear references to the old paintings. The Passions cycle consists of twenty diverse works connected by the theme of human emotions and containing references to traditional painting techniques. The emotions in question are extreme though often remain undefined as if Viola himself contemplated not only the possibility of their representation, allowed for by the painting medium, but also the spectator’s capacity to recognize and experience them. All works follow a similar pattern: the characters are presented in an identical perspective, always against a black background and illuminated in a hyper-real way. The spectator wonders as for the reasons behind the characters‘ unusual reactions but Viola is reluctant to offer hints and in fact does not even encourage speculations. He reaches the very core of representation without the support of an anecdote or a story.
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EN
This article focuses on analysis and interpretation of Bill Viola’s The Passing. The author of the article deals with autobiographical aspects of the work, but also tries link them to the most important topics of Viola’s previous works. In The Passing the American artist explores the problem of perception – one of the most crucial motives in his career. Andrzej Pitrus looks at the balance between emotional and “conceptual” aspects of the work and discusses this with other authors who tried to interpret the video. Viola’s work is presented as the most personal work of the artist.
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EN
The article is a résumé of Mariusz Grzegorzek’s work. We are presented with detailed descriptions of the tricks and techniques applied in each of his movies: his first short film Krakatau, The Conversation with a Man from the Closet, The Queen of Angels, and I Am Yours. The author points to the director’s inspirations and the rise of his ideas, and interprets most meaningful scenes.
PL
Setne wydanie „Kwartalnika Filmowego” staje się dla autora okazja do podjęcia refleksji na poły osobistej, na poły naukowej. Wychodząc od wspomnień rodzinnych, Pitrus przedstawia rozważania nad filmem „To Sang Fotostudio” (1997) Johana van der Keukena i wiążącą się z nim swoją podróżą do Amsterdamu. Ten impresyjny tekst, zwracający uwagę na rozmaite konteksty filmu van der Keukena, ale także na kwestię wiarygodności reprezentacji w odniesieniu do fotografii i nawiązujących do Biblii przedstawień ikonograficznych, autor kończy przekonaniem, „że nie wszystkie przedstawienia – choć nadal ukazują zwodniczą nierzeczywistość – podszyte są „złą intencją” tropioną z zapałem przez krytykę ideologiczną. Twórca <>, podobnie jak inni malarze podejmujący tematykę biblijną, porusza się na obszarze przekazów perswazyjnych. Jego obraz ma pouczać wyznawców i czyni to najprawdopodobniej w dobrej wierze. Portrety Li To Sanga również niewiele mają wspólnego z neutralnym odciskiem rzeczywistości. Jednak ich „przesłanie” jest zamazane, niejasne. Jeśli możemy doszukiwać się tu jakiejkolwiek „wymowy”, będzie ona związana z samą celebracją procesu przedstawiania. Fotografik nie tylko ukazuje odświętne pozy modeli, lecz także wraz z nimi świętuje”.
EN
The 100th edition of the “Kwartalnik Filmowy” becomes an opportunity for the author to undertake a reflection that is both personal and scientific. Starting from family reminiscences, Pitrus presents reflections on Johan van der Keuken’s film “To Sang Fotostudio” (1997) and his own visit to Amsterdam connected with the film. This impressionistic text, drawing attention to the various contexts of van der Keuken’s film, and the question of the credibility of representation in relation to photographs and references to the Biblical, iconography, is concluded with the author’s conviction “that not all performances – although they still show a deceptive non-reality – are founded on <> hunted with enthusiasm by ideological criticism. The creator of <>, like other painters dealing with biblical topics, moves in the area of persuasive messages. His picture is supposed to instruct the followers and it does so most probably in good faith. Portraits of Li To Sang also have little to do with the neutral imprint of reality. However, their “message” is blurred, unclear. If we can look for any <> here, it will be related to the very celebration of the presentation process. The photographer not only shows the festive poses of the models, but also celebrates with them”.
EN
A book review of Ryszard Kluszczynski's Interactive art. From the Work as an Instrument to Interactive Spectacle (2010). According to Pitrus the book is original and innovative. The reviewer notes that the book is the result of long term research, and the art works presented there, are known to the author in his role as an academic, art critic and art curator. Interactive Art is by all means an academic book, but it also popularizes interactive art in Poland. This is obligatory reading for all interested in contemporary art.
PL
Autor pisze o trzech eseistycznych filmach poświęconych obozom koncentracyjnym. Powstały one w różnym czasie, a także w różnych krajach. Ich twórcy – choć charakteryzują się odmienną wrażliwością, a ich dzieła dowodzą pojemności formuły eseju – przemawiają poniekąd wspólnym głosem. Chcą mówić o tym, co w istocie nienazwane, co wykracza poza możliwość wyobrażenia sobie ogromu zła Zagłady. Żaden z nich nie jest dokumentalistą. Zamiast głośno oskarżać, eksplorują sferę milczenia. Autor artykułu próbuje dotrzeć do tego, jak można zmierzyć się z trudnym tematem – kiedyś, niemal na gorąco, i dzisiaj, kiedy przez Europę i świat przetacza się fala ruchów neonacjonalistycznych.
EN
The author writes about three essayistic films concerning to concentration camps. They were created at different times, as well as in different countries. Their creators – although they are characterized by a different sensitivity, and their works prove the breadth of the formula of an essay – speak in a way with a common voice. They want to talk about what is in fact unnamed, which goes beyond the possibility of imagining the magnitude of the evil of the Holocaust. None of them is a documentalist. Instead of loud accusations, they explore the realm of silence. The author of the article tries to find out how to face a difficult topic – in the past, almost at the time of perpetration, and today, when a wave of neo-nationalist movements is sweeping through Europe and the world.
PL
Sequel lub koda artykułu poświęconego filmowi „To Sang Fotostudio”, który został opublikowany w setnym, jubileuszowym wydaniu „Kwartalnika Filmowego”. Autor postanowił odwiedzić miejsce, gdzie nakręcono dokument Johana van der Keukena, nie tyle po to, by przeprowadzić tam śledztwo, ile by zrealizować rodzaj eksperymentu – wizyta miała stanowić okazję do otwarcia się na doświadczenie, z założenia niekompletne i zamknięte w obrębie kilku dni. Tekst jest nie tyle uzupełnieniem interpretacji zawartej w poprzednim artykule, ile raczej próbą zastanowienia się nad wartością poznawczą indywidualnego doświadczenia w kontekście rozpoznania możliwych znaczeń dzieła filmowego. Pitrus przyjmuje postawę skrajnie subiektywną, ale sugeruje, że i takie odczytania mogą mieć sens dla czytelnika. W wyprawie brali także udział bliski przyjaciel autora Artur Piskorz i Miłość Jego Życia – Alicja Helman. Ich obecność była wielce znacząca dla powodzenia przedsięwzięcia.
EN
A sequel or coda of the article devoted to the film „To Sang Fotostudio”, which was published in the hundredth, jubilee edition of the “Kwartalnik Filmowy”. The author decided to visit the place where Johan van der Keuken’s documentary was made. The purpose of the expedition was not so much to conduct an investigation, but an experiment – the visit was to be an opportunity to open up oneself to experience, that is by assumption incomplete and closed within a few days. The text is not so much a complement to the interpretation contained in the previous article, but rather an attempt to reflect on the cognitive value of individual experience in the context of recognizing the possible meanings of a film work. Andrzej Pitrus takes an extremely subjective attitude, but suggests that such readings may make sense for the reader. In the expedition, the close friend of the author Artur Piskorz and the Love of his Life – Alicja Helman also took part. Their presence was very significant for the success of the undertaking.
EN
The work of Bill Viola, an artist working with moving image, that is not film, is classified as video art, video environments or media installations. In his work there are a lot of autobiographical motifs, although the artists never uses the structures of classic narration, and never tells us a story. Rather he builds and constructs additional meanings on top of a traumatic event from his childhood, when he nearly drowned. The event was both traumatic and fascinating, as during the drowning Viola had an incredible, visual experience. In his work he returns to the drowning very often, but using different means and on different levels of conceptualization. Sometimes the scene from childhood returns in a literal sense, but more often as an attempt to find the 'hidden dimension' of the event. An excellent example of working through the autobiographical element is the work entitled The Reflecting Pool, a work that has been accepted into the canon of new media arts. It is this work that forms the basis of Pitrus' analysis in this article.
EN
In the introduction the author presents an overview of technological developments in games of the sandbox category. Games of this type do not have a linear storyline forced upon the player and are not particularly popular on the market. Heavy Rain appears to be a groundbreaking development in this area. Pitrus supposes that the game might give rise to a new trend in interactive entertainment, and for sure will prove to be a challenge for theoreticians. The shape of 'narration' in Heavy Rain is different from most interactive games, as the characters are not immortal, and in the case of failure in a stage of the game, the game does not end, but continues, taking on a different character. If we are not happy with the events taking place, we can restart the game, and retry to influence the destinies of the characters. In his further analysis of the narrative meanders in Heavy Rain Pitrus refers to the theories of Rick Altman, David Bordwell and Jacek Ostaszewski. He concludes that the pleasure of playing Heavy Rain, comes above all from the sphere of building the narrative.
PL
Autor podejmuje problem imigracji z perspektywy opartej na założeniu, że człowiek zmieniający – z różnych powodów – miejsce zamieszkania odgrywa pewną rolę. Inną ma z kolei do wykonania „swój” spotykający się z „obcym”. Artykuł skupia się na utworach z pogranicza sztuk – są to zawsze dzieła łączące elementy kina i teatru, czy też – szerzej – sztuk performatywnych. Artyści wypowiadający się na temat różnego rodzaju „wędrówek ludów” używają takiej hybrydowej formy by skłonić widza do wejścia role obcego, lub tego, kto się z nim spotyka. Andrzej Pitrus pisze między innymi o pracach Ariane Mnouchkine, Romea Castellucciego i Pippo Delbono.
EN
The author addresses the issue of immigration from a perspective based on the assumption that a person changing – for various reasons – the place of residence plays a certain role. In turn a “native” meeting a “stranger” has a different role to play. Pitrus focuses on works at the crossroads of different art forms – they are always works combining elements of cinema and theatre or – more broadly – performative arts. Artists talking about various kinds of "migration of peoples" use such a hybrid form to induce the viewer to enter the role of a stranger or the one who meets him. Andrzej Pitrus writes about the works of Ariane Mnouchkine, Romeo Castellucci and Pippo Delbono, among others.
PL
Recenzja książki Kamili Kuc “Visions of Avant-Garde Film. Polish Cinematic Experiments From Expressionism to Constructivism” (2016) jest poświęcona początkom polskiej awangardy filmowej. Autorka omawianego tomu proponuje autorską perspektywę, zwracając uwagę na zjawiska do tej pory nieopisane lub ignorowane. Jej refleksja skupia się na relacjach między filmem i innymi obszarami awangardy. Zdaniem Andrzeja Pitrusa książka jest nie tylko wartościowym wypełnieniem luki w piśmiennictwie poświęconym wczesnemu polskiemu kinu eksperymentalnemu, ale także oryginalną propozycją „alternatywnej” historii kina.
EN
The book review of Kamila Kuc “Visions of Avant-Garde Film. Polish Cinematic Experiments From Expressionism to Constructivism” (2016) is devoted to the beginnings of the Polish film avant-garde. The author of this volume proposes an original perspective, paying attention to phenomena that have not been yet described or that have been so far ignored. Her reflection focuses on the relationship between the film and other areas of the avant-garde. According to Andrzej Pitrus, the book is not only a valuable by filling the gap in the literature devoted to early Polish experimental cinema, but also an original proposal of an “alternative” cinema history.
PL
Autor przedstawia recenzję pracy zbiorowej „Obsession, Perversion, Rebellion. Twisted Dreams of Central European Animation” pod redakcją Olgi Bobrowskiej i Michała Bobrowskiego (2016). Ta angielskojęzyczna publikacja gromadzi – jak zauważa Pitrus – teksty o ambicjach naukowych, choć czasem są one bliższe nieco „unaukowionej” krytyce niż „twardej” nauce. Tematyka została zawężona do animowanego kina Europy Środkowej, ale dodatkowo uzupełniono ją o wątki włoskie. Jak przekonują redaktorzy tomu, animowane kino Italii (zwłaszcza północnych Włoch) pozostaje w bliskiej relacji z realizacjami z krajów Grupy Wyszehradzkiej. Tu natomiast uprzywilejowaną pozycję zajmują Polska i Czechy, bowiem to właśnie w tych dwóch krajach animacja autorska ma, lub przynajmniej miała, się najlepiej. Część pierwsza antologii dotyczy kontekstów kina animowanego, natomiast w części drugiej zaprezentowano cztery case studies. W opinii recenzenta książka ta, ze względu na język publikacji, może być na świecie doskonałą wizytówką kina animowanego z tej części Europy.
EN
The author presents a review of the collective work “Obsession, Perversion, Rebellion. Twisted Dreams of Central European Animation” edited by Olga Bobrowska and Michał Bobrowski (2016). This English-language publication consists of – as Pitrus notes – texts with academic ambitions, which in fact are sometimes closer to a critique with elements of popular science, rather than hard science. The subject was narrowed down to the animated cinema of Central Europe but additionally supplemented with Italian themes. As illustrated by the editors of the volume, animated cinema of Italy (especially northern Italy) remains in a close relation with the productions of the countries of the Visegrad Group. Here, however, Poland and the Czech Republic have a privileged position, because it is in these two countries that original, independent animation fares, or at least fared, the best. The first part of the anthology deals with the contexts of animated cinema, while the second part presents four case studies. In the reviewer’s opinion, this book, due to the language of publication, can be the perfect showcase of animated cinema in this part of Europe.
EN
The article deals with the relationship between video art with the dadaist tradition, and shows how some of the principles of the creators of the Great Avant Garde were developed in the period when artists started to reach for electronic media as means of artistic expression. References to the Dada tradition have a heterogeneous character within video art. This is due to the multi faceted use of this medium by various artists - for some it served above all as means of recording performance art, for others it became a matter that replaced more traditional materials used in art. Pitrus refers to many examples, e.g. the work of Bill Viola, Nam June Paik as well as Steina and Woody Vasulka.
PL
Recenzja książki Artura Piskorza „Kino organiczne Mike’a Leigh” (2016). Jak podkreśla Pitrus, publikacja Piskorza jest pierwszą na polskim rynku pracą poświęconą dokonaniom tego brytyjskiego reżysera. Nie jest to jednak kompletna monografia twórcy, bowiem Piskorz ujmuje dokonania bohatera swojej pracy w sposób aspektowy, chcąc nieco zawęzić perspektywę i uczynić tom łatwiejszym w lekturze, ale także zapewne dążąc do samookreślenia przyjętej perspektywy badawczej. Pitrus zwraca uwagę, że Artur Piskorz jest nie tylko kulturoznawcą spoglądającym na kino, ale także anglistą zainteresowanym kulturą Wielkiej Brytanii, w tym również samym jej językiem, co także znalazło odzwierciedlenie w tej publikacji. Recenzent omawia budowę książki i jej najważniejsze założenia metodologiczne, wskazuje jej ewidentne zalety, ale także pewne braki, zaś w zakończeniu pozwala sobie na sugestię, że z autorem „Kina organicznego” należy dyskutować i upominać się o uwzględnienie innych perspektyw interpretacyjnych, choć jego publikacji nie można odmówić spójności.
EN
Review of Artur Piskorz’s book “Kino organiczne Mike’a Leigh” [“Mike Leigh’s Organic Cinema”] (2016). As Pitrus emphasizes, Piskorz’s publication is the first work on the Polish market devoted to the achievements of this British director. However, this is not a complete monograph on the director, because Piskorz captures the achievements of the protagonist of his work only in a certain aspect, in order to narrow down the perspective and make the volume easier to read, but also probably striving to define the adopted research perspective. Pitrus points out that Artur Piskorz is not only a culture studies specialist looking at the cinema, but also an English philologist interested in the culture of Great Britain, including its language, which is also reflected in this publication. The reviewer discusses the construction of the book and its most important methodological assumptions, indicates its stronger points, but also some shortcomings, and in the end allows himself to suggest that one should question the author of “Organic Cinema” strategy and demand that he takes into account other interpretative perspectives, although his publication cannot be denied consistency.
EN
The author describes the world presented in films of Kevin Smith - the director often called the king of Generation X. He notes that Smith's master and inspiration was Richard Linklater, the author of the famous film Slacker (1991). However, in contrast to Linklater, who searched for other themes, Smith consequently observes and shows the life of his contemporaries and peers. Following the analysis of storylines and themes present in films, the author concludes that among American independent directors Kevin Smith most consequently refers to somewhat forgotten strategy of 'bad taste'. Smith looks for means which would help him to carry out a radical deconstruction of pop culture. He not only reaches for tamed matrix of dominant culture which he fills with surprising meaning, but in a methodical way shocks with vulgarity and humour.
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