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PL
The langue d’oc is a language with a very long history. Its strong dialectal differentiation and a lack of common norm, as well as a diglossia over the years, make its situation quite complicated. This language is not much present in everyday life, however there is a lot of opportunities to have contact with it through the culture and education. The situation of diglossia created also the phenomenon of francitan.
PL
The French language and the langue d’oc, over the centuries of contacts, have entered into a substrat relation, on which has grown so called francitan – variety of French, with strong influences of the langue d’oc. These influences are visible not only in the phonetic and lexical side, but also in the morphosyntax.
PL
Les influences de la syntaxe occitane sur le français régional
PL
The situation of the Aranese language in comparison with Occitan The Aranese language is one of the varieties of gascon regiolect, used in the Vall d’Aran on the Spanish Catalonia’s territory. Its situation is specific, comparing to the other varieties of the Occitan language. It is due to the fact, that Aranese is not submitted to French dominance. Also, in the Vall d’Aran, Spanish and Catalan are spoken too, provoking the situation of the trilingualism. During the history, the statut of the Aranes have not changed, it never was seriously endangered. The majority of Vall d’Aran’s inhabitants is able to use it, or possess the passive knowledge. The Aranese is taught in schools and the Generalitat’s laws assure for him the presence in public space. It is not visible, though, in the culture and art. The situation of the Aranese differs from its position in France – its stronger and the linguistic identity of locutors is higher.
Zarządzanie i Finanse
|
2013
|
vol. 2
|
issue 3
488-499
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę sformułowania warunków niezbędnych do wykorzystania WPF jako efektywnego instrumentu w procesie osiągania stabilności fiskalnej przez JST oraz oceny rzeczywistej roli tego narzędzia w prognozowaniu przyszłego stanu finansów samorządowych na przykładzie doświadczeń obejmujących lata 2011–2012 czterech miast na prawach powiatu województwa lubelskiego.
EN
of sub-central governments in Poland and in particular an indication of their advantages and disadvantages, including the consequences of the adoption of the new regulations for the financial situation of local authorities. In addition, the article also specifies possible directions of reforms aimed at improving such limits suggested by both the representatives of the legal doctrine and general practitioners.
PL
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim
EN
The purpose of the article is an attempt to assess the legal structure and the significance of sub-central tax sharing as a source of revenue of local government in Poland from the point of view of ensuring fiscal sustainability. In particular, the author analyzed the evolution of the construction of tax sharing, as well as fulfilling the requirement of fiscal efficiency, countercyclicality stability and fiscal autonomy.
PL
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim
EN
The aim of this paper is to explore the rationale for the reform of the shares of local government units (LGUs) in national income taxes in Poland as well as to evaluate the selected proposals for changes in this area. The paper begins by outlining the definition and the basic features of tax sharing in the context of fiscal federalism. The next section provides an overview of the tax shares operating in some OECD countries. The main part of the article focuses on the key principles of the tax sharing system in Poland. The author briefly examines the fiscal efficiency of this source of local revenue in different types of Polish LGUs and the most significant dysfunctions of Polish local tax shares. The final section investigates the most important proposals for the reform of tax sharing and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba oceny obowiązującego katalogu zadań i kompetencji jednostek samorządu terytorialnego (JST) z punktu widzenia ich konsekwencji dla stabilności fiskalnej sektora samorządowego w Polsce. Opracowanie składa się z trzech części. W pierwszej z nich scharakteryzowano ogólne reguły podziału zadań publicznych między państwo a samorząd teryto-rialny (i jego poszczególne szczeble). W drugiej części artykułu wskazano na niektóre kwestie związane z obowiązującą konstrukcją katalogu zadań samorządowych, a także zasadami ich reali-zacji oraz finansowania, mogące stanowić zagrożenia dla stabilności fiskalnej JST, zaś część trzecia zawiera podsumowanie. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że najistotniejsze zagrożenia dla stabilności fiskalnej JST wiążą się z nagminnym łamaniem konstytucyjnej zasady adekwatno-ści. Odnosząc się do istotnego z punktu widzenia stabilności fiskalnej problemu zagwarantowania przez samorządy stosownego poziomu usług publicznych oraz finansowania przyszłego rozwoju wspólnot terytorialnych nie można pominąć kwestii braku precyzyjnych kryteriów umożliwiają-cych jednoznaczne rozgraniczenie sfer odpowiedzialności odrębnych szczebli samorządowych za poszczególne rodzaje usług publicznych. Istotny problem stanowi także brak dostatecznych moż-liwości autonomicznego kreowania fakultatywnych zadań własnych. Ważnym zagadnieniem jest ponadto ograniczenie realnego wpływu samorządów na wykonywanie niektórych ważnych z punktu widzenia wspólnot terytorialnych kategorii usług publicznych z uwagi na pozostawienie kompe-tencji ustrojowo-organizacyjnych w gestii administracji centralnej.
EN
The purpose of the article is an attempt to evaluate the current catalog of public functions and competence of sub-central governments from the point of view of their consequences to the sub-central fiscal sustainability. The papers consist of three parts. In the first one the author character-izes general rules for assignments of public tasks between central and sub-central governments (and their various tiers). In the second part of the article some problems associated with that tasks (as well as the rules for their implementation and financing), which could threat to fiscal sustaina-bility, are mentioned. Part three provides a summary. The analysis shows that the most significant threat to fiscal sustainability is a common violation of the constitutional principle of adequacy. Referring to the significant problem of ensuring the appropriate level of public services and the financing of future development the lack of precise criteria of delimitation the responsibility of the different levels of sub-central governments for the various types of public services seems to be very important problem. A major issue is the lack of adequate opportunities for autonomous crea-tion of optional tasks by gminas. An important matter is the limited impact of sub-central govern-ments on performing some public services because of the fact that most of political and organiza-tional competences are reserved to central government.
EN
The main purpose of the article is to evaluate the risk of local fiscal stress in Polish city counties in 2009-2011. The research was based on the methodology created by P. Kloha, C. S. Weissert, R. Kleine known as 10-points scale of fiscal distress.
EN
The article attempts to assess the impact of selected economic and social factors on the fiscal sustainability of cities in Poland. The research sample covered 241 such local government units, and the time range was 2004–2016. The article uses the econometric modeling of panel data. The analysis revealed that the extent of the relationship between the economic and social development of local governments and their financial health proved to be significantly lower than could be expected. The possible cause of this situation seems to be the dependence of local budgets on external grants and the high share of fixed expenditure, as well as the existence of “soft budget constraints”, which guarantee the aid form central budget in case of insolvency.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ocena wagi wybranych czynników ekonomiczno‑społecznych w kształtowaniu stabilność fiskalnej gmin miejskich w Polsce. Próba badawcza objęła 241 takich gmin, a zakres czasowy badania dotyczył lat 2004–2016. W artykule wykorzystano metodę ekonometrycznego modelowania danych panelowych. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała, że zakres związku między potencjałem społeczno‑gospodarczym badanych JST a ich sytuacją finansową okazał się zdecydowanie mniejszy, niż można byłoby oczekiwać. Wpływ na ten stan rzeczy wydaje się mieć uzależnienie budżetów samorządowych od transferów zewnętrznych oraz wysoki udział wydatków sztywnych, jak również istnienie tzw. miękkich ograniczeń budżetowych, które gwarantują otrzymanie pomocy finansowej z budżetu centralnego w przypadku zagrożenia niewypłacalnością.
EN
Theoretical background: The COVID-19 pandemic has put a great strain on healthcare systems and hospitals. Although the effects of COVID-19 have affected almost all aspects of the economies and health systems of most countries around the world, relatively little research has been done on the consequences of the pandemic on the financial performance of hospitals around the world. This literature gap is mainly the result of a short research period and difficulties in obtaining reliable and good quality empirical data. The review of the literature shows that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial performance of hospitals is ambiguous. Most of them focused primarily on the first year of the pandemic and were mostly based on fragmentary financial data and sometimes only on the case study method.Purpose of the article: The purpose of this article is to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial performance of the largest public hospitals owned by local and regional governments. The research, covering mainly the years 2019–2021, was carried out based on financial statements obtained from 40 public hospitals in the form of independent public healthcare institutions (SPZOZ).Research methods: To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial performance of Polish hospitals, a ratio analysis was carried out. Due to the specificity of public health facilities, ratios included in the Ministry of Health Regulation of 12 April 2017 were used, which refer mainly to independent public healthcare facilities.Main findings: The research revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to the deterioration of the financial performance of Polish public hospitals owned by local and regional governments. However, the impact was not dramatic, but only intensified the financial difficulties experienced by Polish hospitals before.
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