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Szacowanie efektywnosci postepu technicznego transferowanego przez kraje rozwijające się

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Szpakowski J., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. E. P.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

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1984

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vol. 36

EN

The author presents in the article main problems connected with measuring the effects of import of modern technique making allowances for specific characteristics of developing economics. There are discussed basic methods of the economic calculus as applied in analysis of effectiveness on the transferred technical progress on macro- and microeconomlc scale. Some attention has been also devoted to social aspects generated by import of new technologies through presentation of basic assumptions of the technology assessment concept. Despite quite a vast range of socio-economic methods in measuring the technical progress effectiveness, application of particular measures should be analyzed separately for each Third World country since particular elements of the effectiveness calculus differ from one economy to another.

2

Bariery w procesach transferu i absorpcji postępu technicznego w gospodarkach krajów rozwijających się

100%

Szpakowski J., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. E. P.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

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1985

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vol. 56

EN

The article discusses two groups of barriers encountered by economies of the developing countries in processes of technical progress transfer and absorption i.e. brain dram and export as well as import restrictions. Migration of highly qualified manpower from the developing countries to the developed capitalist countries represents a vital factor hampering and impeding socio-economic development in those countries. Main suppliers of highly qualified cadres to the developed countries are the developing countries of Asia with the United States being one of destinations for their emigrants. The causes of migration must be sought both in the policy pursued in this sphere by the developed capitalist countries and in not fully effective performance of the Third World countries. Export and import restrictions are imposed on the developing countries while concluding transactions on purchases of new technologies and know-how by them. The world market of new technologies is controlled, to a vast extent, by highly developed capitalist countries while the main suppliers of new technologies from these countries are big multinational corporations. As a rule, the developing countries do not have adequate knowledge about this market, which does not allow them to choose technologies that might be suitable for them or negotiate the most favorable terms of purchasing these technologies. The restrictions encountered by the developing countries in the process of technology transfer for several years now are countered by specific measures undertaken by these countries and by the United Nations Organization. The UNCTAD Secretariat elaborated a draft of the international Technology Transfer Code in 1975, which envisages an improvement in the terms on which new technologies are to be purchased by the developing countries This drat has not been approved, however, by the main exporters of technologies i.e. by the developed countries, which makes it impossible to introduce the Code into practice. Consequently, in the seventies some countries of the Third World began to introduce a legal regulation of technology import on an individual basis eliminating in this way, at least in part, the unfavorable or detrimental for their economies clauses in agreements on import of technologies. These processes producing advantageous results were initiated only in a small group of the economically stronger countries of the Third World, and as a result the issue of restrictions in import of new technologies continues to be faced by majority of the developing countries.

3

Ogólne problemy transferu i absorbcji postępu technicznego przez gospodarki krajów rozwijających się

100%

Szpakowski J., Instyt Ekonomii Politycznej U. Ł.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

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1982

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vol. 19

EN

The article discusses main forms of international technology transfer and most important factors connected with absorption of technological progress by economies of Third World countries. The presented analysis proves that main suppliers of technological know-how as well as machinery and equipment to developing countries are developed capitalist countries. Ability to absorb new technologies by economies of the Third World countries — determining to a large extent economic effects ensuing from import of new technologies — depends among others on such factors as: reserves of ąualified manpower, performance of definite Research and Development activity, estimation of demand revealed by a given economy for new technology, costs of importing new technologies, impact of new technologies on man's natural enviroment. Socio-economic situation of most developing countries shows that majority of the above mentioned factors conditioning absorption processes of new technologies is not fulfilled by economies of these countries even to a satisfactory degree.

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3 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

1 1985

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3 Szpakowski J.

2 Uniwersytet Łódzki I. E. P.

1 Instyt Ekonomii Politycznej U. Ł.

Szacowanie efektywnosci postepu technicznego transferowanego przez kraje rozwijające się

Bariery w procesach transferu i absorpcji postępu technicznego w gospodarkach krajów rozwijających się

Ogólne problemy transferu i absorbcji postępu technicznego przez gospodarki krajów rozwijających się