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1
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Miejsce etiopskiego kościola ortodoksyjnego w życiu społecznym i politycznym współczesnej Etiopii

100%
Krawczuk M.
Przegląd Orientalistyczny
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2017
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issue 1-2
67-83
EN
The Ethiopian Ortodox Tewahedo Church played a significant role in the history of Ethiopia from ancient times, providing ideological legitimization for her emperors and influencing every sphere in the lives of the Christian population. After the revolution in 1974, the Church lost its privileged position in the country. In 1991 the new regime of EPRDF established ethnically based federalism, under which religion was effectively banned from politics. This situation poses a number of challenges for the EOTC. The Church has since suffered two major institutional crises: after separating with the Eritrean Orthodox Church and after the schism in the Ethiopian diaspora in the US. Without the previous support from the state, it has had to face competition from Pentecostal churches which have been gaining popularity over the last decades. It also seeks to reinvent its relations with the faithful, among whom appear movements (such as Mahbärä Qəddusan) which to some extent contest the teaching of the bishops.
2
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Rәtu‘a Haymanot, „Kazanie o Chrzcie Chrystusa” z rękopisu EMML 7028, f. 6v–20r a postrzeganie islamu w Etiopskim Kościele Ortodoksyjnym

100%
Krawczuk M.
Przegląd Orientalistyczny
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2019
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issue 1 (269)
37-47
EN
The hitherto unpublished and unresearched Homily on Christ’s Baptism (EMML 7028, f. 6v-20r, dated 1397/8) contains, apart from the predictable Christian theological content, some remarks on Islam. They serve a mostly rhetorical purpose, equating a Christian“heresy” condemned by the author with the religion of the Muslims. These passages, when analysed in detail, reveal some knowledge of Muslim customs and religion such as the lack of Christ’s divinity and the name of the Prophet. This shows that the élite circles of the Ethiopian Church had some familiarity with Islam and that the study of unpublished Ethiopic manuscripts can shed some new light on this phenomenon.
3
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Rytuał inicjacyjny dla mniszek Etiopskiego Kościoła Ortodoksyjnego

100%
Krawczuk M.
Studia Theologica Varsaviensia
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2014
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vol. 52
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issue 1 - KANONIZACJA JANA PAWŁA II – INSPIRACJE I WYZWANIA
165-177
PL
Tradycja monastycyzmu kobiecego jest bardzo żywotna wśród etiopskich chrześcijan ortodoksyjnych. Zgodnie ze zwyczajem sięgającym korzeniami samych początków ascetyzmu w Kościele, życiu zakonnemu mogą oddać się młode kobiety, jak również wdowy, które odchowały już dzieci. Rekonstrukcja sytuacji mniszek w dawnej Etiopii nie jest jednak zadaniem łatwym, gdyż teksty gǝ‘ǝz poza bardzo nielicznymi wyjątkami skupiają się na postaciach mężczyzn. Teksty rytuałów inicjacyjnych dla zakonnic dostarczają stosunkowo niewiele informacji faktograficznych (ceremonia była celebrowana przez kapłana i diakona, centralnym punktem rytuału były postrzyżyny, istniała jakaś forma nowicjatu). W zamian za to pokazują, jakich wartości etycznych oczekiwano od kandydatek i które spośród czczonych w Etiopii świętych niewiast Kościoła powszechnego były szczególnie chętnie podawane za wzór. Przykład monastycyzmu kobiecego pokazuje, w moim odczuciu, jak z jednej strony – tradycje Etiopskiego Kościoła Ortodoksyjnego są osobliwe i uwikłane w historyczne i geograficzne realia Rogu Afryki; z drugiej zaś – jak bardzo wierne są myśli wczesnochrześcijańskiej i duchowi ewangelicznemu.
EN
Female monasticism in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church can be traced back to at least 14th Century. The article analyzes two unpublished Ethiopian manuscripts which shed new light on some customs present among female monastic communities. On their basis it is possible to reconstruct the ritual during which women were entering the monastery. The ritual involves Biblical readings which correspond to the character of the event as well as cutting hair of the candidates. Furthermore one of the manuscripts offers an interesting insight on the models of female sanctity among the Ethiopians.
4
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Kult maryjny w Etiopskim Kościele Ortodoksyjnym

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Krawczuk M.
Afryka
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2015
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issue 41
67-80
EN
The cult of Virgin Mary plays an important role in the life of Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. Although Ethiopia is one of the eldest Christian realms in the world, information on the Marian cult in Ethiopia before 13th Century are scarce. It seems that the origin of the Marian devotion as we know it today harks back to the reign of king Zar‘a Yā‘qob (1434-1468). Its general features are easily recognizable to someone acquainted with Roman or Eastern Orthodox tradition. This is hardly surprising since the cult of Mary has its roots in early Christianity. However the Ethiopian interpretation of the Virgin has its peculiarities. In Ethiopia Mary is very strongly associated with the Old Testament, which is clearly visible throughout Ethiopic literature. A particularly close affinity is depicted between Mary and the Arc of the Covenant. This affinity has been incorporated into the Ethiopian ideology of power. Apart from the official theological expression promoted by the Church, the Marian cult has its more popular forms.
5
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Rainer Voigt (ed.) Tigre studies in the 21st Century – Tigre-Studien im 21. Jahrhundert, „Studien zum Horn von Afrika” 2, Köln, Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2015, 241 pp.

100%
Krawczuk M.
Studies in African Languages and Cultures
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2016
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issue 50
161-165
EN
A review of a book by Rainer Voigt (ed.) Tigre studies in the 21st Century – Tigre-Studien im 21. Jahrhundert.
6
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Massimo Villa, Filologia e linguistica del testi gəʿəz di età aksumita: Il Pastore di Erma. (Studi Africanistici. Serie Etiopica 10). Napoli: UniorPress 2019, 285 pp. ISBN 978-88-6719-178-9

100%
Krawczuk M.
Studies in African Languages and Cultures
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2020
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issue 54
188-190
7
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The Ethiopic account of Anthony Rawh martyrdom and the perception of the Muslim Arab world in Christian Ethiopia

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Krawczuk M.
Studies in African Languages and Cultures
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2017
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issue 51
23-31
EN
The Ethiopic martyrdom of Anthony Rawh, attested in two relatively ancient manuscripts is a hagiographical text set in the Muslim Arab world. As such, it is an example of the perception that Christian Ethiopia had of the Muslim world at the time. This article offers some amendments to the printed edition and a few general remarks about the place of this text within the Ge’ez literary tradition.
8
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Girma Awgichew Demeke, Grammatical change in Semitic: A Diachronic Grammar of Amharic, "Afroasiatic Studies" 4, Princeton-Addis Abeba: WibTaye Publishers, 2014, 336 pp.

100%
Krawczuk M.
Studies in African Languages and Cultures
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2014
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issue 48
126-131
EN
A review of a book by Girma Awgichew Demeke "Grammatical change in Semitic: A Diachronic Grammar of Amharic"
9
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The image of Muslims and Islam in Christian Ethiopic hagiographies written in Gə‘əz

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Krawczuk M.
Studies in African Languages and Cultures
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2019
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issue 53
91-116
EN
The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the image of Muslims and Islam in the Ethiopic hagiographical texts written in the Ethiopic (Gə‘əz) language. On the basis of ca. 20 texts (both edited and remaining in anuscripts) the author surveys how various themes related to Muslims and Islam are present in this genre of Ethiopic literature and what literary purpose they serve. These themes include: economic activities of Muslims, comparing them to Biblical figures, their conversion to Christianity or associating them with the satanic forces. Additionally, the article offers a comprehensive overview of the Ge’ez terms which are used in reference to the adherents of the Muslim faith.
10
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Etiopskie komentarze do tekstów biblijnych i liturgicznych. Biblia i jej egzegeza w chrześcijańskiej Etiopii

100%
Krawczuk M.
Scriptura Sacra
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2014
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issue 18
19-29
EN
Ethiopian Orthodox Church, as the oldest and the least know among christian communities around the world, has many elements of Ethiopian ecclesiastical tradition. One of those elements are comments of biblical and liturgical works. The only writing language in Christian Ethiopia was gyyz and its literature contains original works and translations from Greek or Arabian. Virtually the whole literature has ecclesiastical character. The Holy Bible was translated from Greek to Ethiopian and elements taken from others countries were always give in to interpretation and adjusted to local context. Among Ethiopian literature in gyyz language there are also works dedicated to Bible exegesis. Most of the comments are anonymous, nevertheless some of them are assigned to particular Church Fathers. The most important work of this genre is Tǝrgwāme Wangel ( The Evangel Translation) translated from Arabian to gyyz in the first half of XVI century, which contains comments to the Evangel of Jan Chryzostom authorship. In Ethiopian Christian literature appear also biblical comments written down in Amharic language so called andǝmta. Gyyz was the language of literature and liturgy understood by few, in turn Amharic was language of communication. Ethiopian Church realized that to better communicate with worshipers they have to produce works in Amharic. The subject of exegesis in comments andǝmta is mostly Holy Bible. Comments can also relate to liturgical texts, such as anaphora or hymns used in liturgy. Those kind of comments are especially valuable source of getting know Ethiopian theology.
11
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Europa początku XX wieku oczyma etiopskiego wysłannika

100%
Krawczuk M.
Przegląd Orientalistyczny
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2023
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issue 1-2 (285-286)
59-71
EN
In the article, the author analyzes a travel account by an Ethiopian dignitary Heruy Wäldä Śəllase in which he notes, among other things, his observations after visiting London, Paris, and Rome. This diary is among the earliest travel narratives written by an African and concerning Europe. While the text has the potential to be a historical source, the article is focused on reconstructing the subjective impressions of the author in the context of his cultural background and the linguistic peculiarities of the document.
12
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Reviews of Books

63%
Wojtczak M., Krawczuk M.
The Journal of Juristic Papyrology
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2014
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issue 44
189-196
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