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„Konkrétná logika“ – ideové vlivy a proměny v souvislosti s vývojem Masarykovy filosofie

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Svoboda J.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2015
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vol. 63
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issue 1
17-29
EN
The Grounds of Concrete Logic (Základové konkretné logiky) is often taken to be a work in which Masaryk attempts to outline, in a methodical way, his conception of philosophy as “a real scientific metaphysics”. Nevertheless, we often hear from the Masaryk’s critics, and even from his followers, that the book appears to be no more than a transcription of Comte’s Cours de philosophie positive. Even if the classification of the sciences was one of the main philosophical and scientific problems with which Masaryk was engaged throughout his life, in the emphasis on concrete sciences, and in the working out of the relations between particular sciences and categories, Masaryk goes beyond Comte. This point is supported, at the same time, by the many critical notes concerning the inadequacy of Comte’s epistemological grounding, which Masaryk links, above all, to a critique of Comte’s phenomenalism. The specific quality and the critical reference of the book for future generations of Czech philosophers consists in its principled status and realist aim. Concrete logic should bring us to the ultimate ontological points of departure – to things themselves. In his prioritising of the need to seek the sense of things, Masaryk belongs to the modern thinkers who showed to Czech philosophy new possibilities and ways of approach to reality in a strictly scientific spirit.
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Moderna a transcendence ve světle Masarykova realismu

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Svoboda J.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2018
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vol. 66
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issue 5
679-698
EN
Masaryk’s realism is a modernist conception which assumes a rationally-grounded conviction that the modern educated and critically reflective person finds themselves in a deep existential crisis.The reason for this crisis is the loss of belief in transcendence-in that which goes beyond the individual and provides them with the guarantee of a universal sense to life. Masaryk’s realist project thus intentionally hinges on two levels of transcendence in the creative focal point of which the experiencing subject immediately finds themselves and with which the subject is, in reality, in a continuing principled relation. The levels are first, that in which the ‘real’ consciousness of our existence is dynamically created and, secondly, that of our reflective relating to the objective world, which is the domain of the exact sciences. Masaryk considers his distinctive conception of metaphysics as the legitimate philosophical component into which the two levels of our principled reflection fit. He understands metaphysics here as, on the one hand, the ultimate framework of all sciences and, on the other hand, as significantly incorporated into his conception of psychology. Psychology, however, in his conception is not just a narrowly specialised discipline, rather it justifiably recognises its metaphysical dimension, and this in connection with a conception of ethics, and, as a necessarily epistemological consequence, with religion too. Masaryk’s realist conception of ‘scientific’ metaphysics thus presents itself as an admirable attempt to bridge the two separately perceived areas to which a person as a conscious subject in reality is in a fundamental relation: the spheres of the ‘fallibility’ of scienceand the ‘certainty’ of faith. Equally, it significantly reflects Masaryk’s lifelong endeavour to achieve the closest connection of theory and practice, which in the mid-1890s he characterised as as "political" realism.
CS
Masarykův realismus je modernistickou koncepcí, jež vychází z racionálně založeného přesvědčení, že moderní vzdělaný a kriticky uvažující člověk se nachází v hluboké existenciální krizi. Důvodem této krize je ztráta víry v transcendenci - v to, co jedince „přesahuje“ a poskytuje mu garanci univerzálního smyslu života. Masarykův realistický projekt se proto cíleně odvíjí ve dvou rovinách transcendence, v jejichž tvůrčím ohnisku se prožívající subjekt bezprostředně nachází a s nimiž je ve skutečnosti v trvalém principiálním vztahu. Jde o rovinu, v níž se dynamicky vytváří „reálné“ vědomí naší existence, a o rovinu našeho reflektivního vztahování se k objektivnímu světu, jež je doménou exaktních věd. Za legitimní filosofickou komponentu, do níž jsou obě roviny naší principiální reflexe pozitivně zahrnuty a v jejímž ideovém rámci spolu mají vzájemně účinně korespondovat, Masaryk považuje své osobité pojetí metafyziky. Metafyziku přitom na jedné straně chápe jako završující rámec všech věd, na straně druhé je významně včleněna do jeho pojetí psychologie. Psychologie však v jeho pojetí není jen úzce speciální disciplínou, nýbrž důvodně přiznává i svůj metafyzický rozměr, a to právě ve spojitosti s pojetím etiky a v nutném gnoseologickém důsledku i s náboženstvím. Masarykovo realistické pojetí „vědecké“ metafyziky se tudíž jeví jako impozantní pokus o překlenutí dvou povýtce odděleně vnímaných oblastí, k nimž se člověk jako vědomý subjekt ve skutečnosti zásadně vztahuje: sfér „falibility“ vědy a „jistoty“ víry. Stejně tak významně odráží Masarykovo celoživotní úsilí o co nejužší propojování teorie a praxe, které v polovině devadesátých let 19. století charakterizoval jako „politický“ realismus.
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Možnosti a východiska dialogu mezi islámem a Západem

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Svoboda J.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2010
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vol. 58
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issue 1
87-91
EN
The aim of this article is to point to some problematic aspects of intercultural dialogue between Islam and the West which stem from the general character of the process of globalisation. The right of individual cultures to conceive this general process of modernisation from the point of view of their own cultural perspective brings with it the danger of discrimination in basic normative specifics. For this reason it is necessary to open up potentialities and to seek points of departure for wider inter-normative agreement
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K chápání interkulturního dialogu

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Svoboda J.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 5
761-766
EN
The aim of this contribution to the discussion of intercultural dialogue is to point to two diametrically different approaches to the adoption of critical standpoints – between negativism and positive criticism – that is, between the attitude of passivity and the attitude of active courage to do. Because positive criticism – unlike mere negation – enables an opening out of thematic space to new possibilities, it is also capable of transforming the narrowly understood war–peace polarity into reality of a different quality, and, at the same time, to give it a new, so to speak global, meaning. In this way inter-cultural dialogue, not forgetting its reliance on historical contexts and the postulations of its own traditions, achieves its own justification.
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Masaryk a Kant : Vliv Brentanovy kritiky, souvislost s Masarykovou reakcí na mysticismus

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Svoboda J.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 4
523-554
EN
The aim of this study is to highlight two interesting aspects of Masaryk’s relation to Kant against the background of the personality and influence of Masaryk’s Viennese teacher Franz Brentano and Brentano’s own relation to Kant’s philosophy. It helps to treat of two periods in Masaryk’s intellectual endeavour in relation to the particular in science, ethics and religion. In the first period, which is generally accompanied by a cold and reticent approach to Kant, Masaryk rejects the epistemological foundations of Kant’s philosophy (apriorism and the doctrine of the unknowability of the thing in itself), and instead, given his leaning towards positivism, places emphasis on the general method of scientific knowledge and its importance for philosophy. In this early period of his critical attitude to Kant we may tend towards the opinion that the personality of his teacher Franz Brentano stands behind Masaryk’s radical methodological rejection of Kant’s philosophy. The conspicuous similarity between Masaryk’s and Brentano’s conclusions on refuting Hume’s scepticism by the probability calculus caught the attention of Brentano’s pupils, Marty and Stumpf, who were working in Prague. Brentano, however, rejected any role in influencing Masaryk’s philosophical conclusions. The independence of Masaryk’s approach to the solution of this question is confirmed by correspondence he had with the young Husserl in 1878. In the next period, however, the radicalness recedes and Masaryk’s own personal approach to Kant’s philosophy becomes much more evident, as is shown in the background to the three-volume work Russia and Europe (1913). Masaryk’s ideas are not enriched only by the contrast between Russian and European thinking. A systematic study of Russian philosophy and literature enables him to penetrate deeper into the spiritual foundation of Russian thought. He thus uncovers a new creative dimension which is the starting point for a reevaluation of the significance of individual western European thinkers against the background of a different tradition. This is in particular true of the new view of Kant’s practical philosophy which serves Masaryk as a counter-argument to the mysticism and mythicality which form the fabric of the irrationality of Russian thought. The significance of Kant’s critical philosophy in the struggle against irrationality in thinking, as well as the emphasis on the example of Tolstoy’s rationa­listic ethics and conscience, together indicate that Masaryk’s ethics had broken out of the framework of traditional positivism and he was endorsing a more modern subjectivist thought. Masaryk did not, however, abandon his negative view of Kant’s epistemology.
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Kybernetická obrana a novela zákona o Vojenském zpravodajství

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Svoboda J., Vostoupal J.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
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2023
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vol. 162
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issue 4
352-364
EN
In this article, the authors focus on evaluating the amendment to the Military Intelligence Act, which legislatively anchors the regulation of cyber defence and entrusts it to Military Intelligence. First of all, they define the terms cyber security and cyber defence in accordance with the Czech understanding and follow the legislative journey of the amendment (especially the fate of the unsuccessful first bill). Subsequently, they focus on the suitability of the Military Intelligence as the entity responsible for cyber defence while comparing it with other potential entities, namely the National Cyber and Information Security Agency, the Czech Army and other intelligence services. In the next section, the authors then focus on analysing the legal regulation of selected aspects of cyber defence in terms of the proportionality of individual interventions and the risks of power accumulation. As a first of those, they focus on the detection of cyber-attacks and threats, which was one of the most problematic aspects of the first draft. They then discuss the position of the Cyber Defense Inspector as one of the guarantees of proportionality of the new Military Intelligence powers and conclude the analysis with a brief discussion on the power of active intervention.
CS
V rámci tohoto článku se autoři soustředí na zhodnocení novely zákona o Vojenském zpravodajství, která legislativně ukotvuje právní úpravu kybernetické obrany a svěřuje ji do působnosti Vojenského zpravodajství. V první řadě se věnují vymezení pojmů kybernetická bezpečnost a kybernetická obrana v českém pojetí a sledují legislativní pouť zmíněné novely včetně neúspěšného prvního návrhu. Následně se zaměřují na vhodnost Vojenského zpravodajství jakožto subjektu odpovědného za materii kybernetické obrany, přičemž provádí porovnání i s dalšími potenciálními subjekty, konkrétně Národním úřadem pro kybernetickou a informační bezpečnost, Armádou ČR a dalšími zpravodajskými službami. V další části se pak zaměřují na analýzu právní úpravy vybraných aspektů zajišťování kybernetické obrany z pohledu proporcionality jednotlivých zásahů a rizik kumulace moci. V první řadě se věnují detekci kybernetických útoků a hrozeb, což představovalo v případě prvního návrhu jeden z nejproblematičtějších aspektů. Poté se věnují institutu inspektora pro kybernetickou obranu jakožto jedné ze záruk proporcionality v rámci nových pravomocí Vojenského zpravodajství. Analýzu zakončují stručným pojednáním o aktivním zásahu.
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