Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 5

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
1
Content available remote

Pokusy císařského Německa o separátní mír s carským Ruskem na počátku „Velké války“ (1914-1915)

100%
Prokš P.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
|
2012
|
vol. 20
|
issue 1
61-95
EN
From the very beginning of the First World War, the military operations failed to meet the initial expectations of the German Army Supreme Command which had believed in an easy and – in particular - quick victory. Very soon, the war acquired the form of dragging position and trench battle. Therefore, some German politicians were considering the possibility of separate peace with one of the enemy powers, primarily with the Tsarist Russia, which was a conservative monarchy and it was hoped that in order to preserve its traditional system it would oppose the liberal-democratic and republican West. Berlin tried to establish a number of contacts by means of behind-the-scene diplomacy, trial talks in neutral states, use of relations between German and Russian aristocrats, activation of prewar contacts of financial and business circles, and by sending various emissaries. In these efforts, the Germans relied on strong Germanophile circles in Russia and on the Imperial Court camarilla that strongly influenced the Tsar’s decisions in important personal and political matters. Inside Germany, however, these attempts were opposed mainly by the Army Command representatives who were convinced that Germany’s future was closely linked with a victory in the war. Unlike that, similar efforts in Russia were opposed by the pro-Entente, nationalist and liberal groups. As a result, the separate peace question was also of great importance for the internal events in both hostile countries. The most important factor, however, was the development of military operations, where Russia was initially quite successful and was therefore little willing to negotiate peace. Contrary to that, it was Germany that achieved much success on the eastern front as of the summer of 1915 and wanted to make use of it and force Russia to sign a separate peace treaty. Thus, Berlin hoped to have a “free hand” to concentrate on the preparation of a large offensive in the West in 1916.
2
Content available remote

100. výročí vypuknutí „První světové války“

100%
Prokš P.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
|
2014
|
vol. 22
|
issue 1
1-6
EN
This year we mark a centenary of the outbreak of the First World War, or the “Great War” as it was initially referred to. It was the worst military conflict that human civilization had ever witnessed. It also constituted a dramatic milestone in modern history as the previous development trends that had culminated and the problems that had accumulated in the world exploded in the conflict. The apocalyptic war triggered additional revolutionary changes in human civilization that marked the history of the whole 20th century so strongly that even now we have to cope with their consequences. These included a “latent” and therefore insufficiently comprehended contradiction between the already beginning “globalization” of the world and the unambiguous “state-nationalistic” policy of particular powers trying to solve the growing problems in favor of a grouping of several powers at the expense of their enemies. The present volume of the journal Moderní dějiny is dedicated to the above anniversary, but its contents are not monothematic. The editors endeavored to present a broader historical, civilizationrelated view of the First World War and its consequences. Therefore, the particular studies deal with such questions as solution to nationalist problems, Czechoslovak legions in Russia, wartime diplomacy, social conditions in the Bohemian Lands and the resistance in World War II, and activities of the “third” foreign resistance movement during the Cold War. A specific part deals with the radical changes in the position of nobility in society, which had been considered an elite social group prior to the war, but which had to cope after the war with the strong democratization of social conditions and with the pressure of the two totalitarian regimes, fascist and communist. All the topics discussed here are related to the causes, the course of events and the consequences of the First World War, and the Editors therefore hope that the readers will kindly approve of this specific approach to the present volume of Moderní dějiny.
3
Content available remote

Rumunsko na rozcestí. Mezinárodní příčiny přechodu Rumunska na stranu Dohody za „Velké války“ (červenec 1914 – srpen 1916)

100%
Prokš P.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
|
2014
|
vol. 22
|
issue 1
65-105
EN
Romania was an important state in the Balkans with a strategic position on the Black Sea coast and therefore some “traditional” powers were trying to enter into an alliance with that country. Bucharest preferred first Vienna and signed a secret alliance treaty with Austria-Hungary in 1883. Following the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913 Romania obtained southern Dobrudja at Bulgaria’s expense. During the formation of international relations in Europe and the creation of allied coalitions the country took up a rather neutral position; nevertheless, particularly after the attachment of Siebenbürgen, it was believed that its ambitions might eventually be satisfied in the Entente camp as an opponent of Austria-Hungary. When the First World War broke out Romania remained neutral and its diplomacy closely collaborated with the neutral Italy. Both belligerent blocs were trying to lure Romania; this, however, required a satisfaction of its territorial claims. The situation changed dramatically when Turkey, followed by Bulgaria, entered the war on the side of the Central Powers. Romania felt threatened and isolated by these steps, and therefore joined the Entente camp in August 1916 against a promise of territorial acquisitions to the detriment of Austria-Hungary.
4
Content available remote

Postoj carského Ruska k nabídkám separátního míru s císařským Německem za „Velké války“ (1916–1917)

100%
Prokš P.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
|
2013
|
vol. 21
|
issue 1
39-63
EN
The initiative of making separate peace with Russia came primarily from the imperial Germany. On the Russian side it was mostly appreciated by the Germanophilist and conservative monarchist circles of the court “camarilla” in Petersburg who themselves made several attempts of direct negotiations with Berlin. They were primarily interested in creating favorable external conditions needed to suppress the liberal opposition and destroy the growing revolutionary movement inside Russia. Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra Fyodorovna agreed with the court “camarilla” on the necessity to conserve the existing autocratic system and to suppress the liberal opposition. However,
5
Content available remote

Počátky zahraniční politiky samostatného Československa v letech 1918-1919

100%
Prokš P.
Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)
|
2018
|
vol. 26
|
issue 2
93-142
EN
The Habsburg Empire collapsed as the First World War came to an end. Czechoslovakia was one of its successor states, arising thanks to the activity of the domestic and foreign resistance to Austria-Hungary. Leading the resistance was the Czechoslovak National Council, which all of the Allied Powers comprising France, Great Britain, the United States of America, Japan, Italy, China, the Provisional Government of Russia and Serbia, eventually came to recognise as an allied government, alongside recognising Czechoslovak troops (legions) as an allied army. Prague first had to deal with the issue of determining its borders with neighbouring states; the defeated Germany, Austria and Hungary. At the same time, it endeavoured to clarify relations with the Vatican and made preparations for the Paris Peace Conference. Initially, Although Czechoslovakia was initially pragmatic in co-operating with Italy, but gradually relations deteriorated due to Prague’s focus on an alliance with France, Yugoslavia and Romania, which later culminated in formation of the Little Entente.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.