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Vilnius, April 19-21, 1919

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Rozanski P.

Kwartalnik Historii Żydow

2006

issue 1(217)

13-34

In January 1919, Vilnius was seized by the Bolsheviks, but on April 19, Polish Army units entered the city. On April 21, Vilnius was fully under Polish control. This was when several tens of Jews were killed by firing squad without a trial. There was American involvement in the attempt to clarify the Vilnius developments, including envoy Hugh Gibson, President of the American Jewish Committee Louis Marshall and Henry Morgenthau, chairman of the U.S. mission in Poland. A Report on the Occurrences in Wilna, Presented to the Polish Government by the Jewish Community of Wilna was preserved among Morgenthau's documents. The report indicates that Polish troops oppressed the Vilnius Jews. Additionally, the Morgenthau files contain a deposition by Leon Jaffe, a well known Jewish writer and Zionist. The files of the U.S. Department of State contain a report by Szalom Asz, an outstanding Jewish writer born in Polish lands.

THE UNITED STATES AND THE JEWISH QUESTION IN POLAND IN THE YEARS 1926-1935

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Rozanski P.

Dzieje Najnowsze

2007

issue 4

165-197

During the interwar period the attitude of the Americans and their state towards the Jewish Diaspora was less significant for the perception of international relations in general and trans-Atlantic ones in particular than after World war II. Nonetheless, it already disclosed a certain way of seeing Polish reality from the viewpoint of the Jewish minority. From the time of the May 1926 coup d'etat to the death of Marshal Pilsudski, pertinent assessments were much more favourable than was the case both earlier and later. This approach was affected by the conditions prevailing in Poland and comparisons with the situation of the Jews in other countries. In the former instance, the heart of the matter concerned the post-May 1926 relegation from power of the anti-Jewish rightist and centrist parties. Moreover, the range of the opinions was influenced by the restrictive national policy applied towards other ethnic minorities, especially after 1935. Taking into consideration the scale of references defined by Jewish experiences in other parts of the world - persecutions in Palestine during the late 1920s, or the circumstances in Germany after Hitler seized power in 1933, the situation of the Polish Jews appeared to be favourable. This was also the way in which it was considered by the American authorities and the Jewish organisations active in the USA.

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Vilnius, April 19-21, 1919

THE UNITED STATES AND THE JEWISH QUESTION IN POLAND IN THE YEARS 1926-1935