Polish and German is considered one of the most important and most interesting economies in the European Union. The paper presents the value and dynamics of trade turnover of Polish and Germany in the years 2005–2015. The general upward trend in export can be noticed with the decline recorded only in 2009. Pro-innovative activites, implementation of new technologies and offering innovative products by Polish and Germany companies constitute a real strength. In addition to that it becomes more and more important for German and Polish enterprises to consider environmental protection and sustainable development requirements.
Poland in recent years is the leader in attracting foreign investment among the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Investment attractiveness of our country, according to many studies, is assessed very high (according to the Ernst & Young European Attractiveness Report in 2016 Poland’s economy 2 place in the ranking), mainly due to a highly skilled workforce. An important component of the investment attractiveness, often emphasized by the investors themselves, is legal and transparency of the Polish legal system in recent years, and the answer to the question whether the Polish legal system is a improving element or rather a threat to the investment attractiveness of the country. The research is based, interalia, on the analysis of the Worldwide Governance Indicator index assessing the institutional environment of countries.
The objective of the article is to analyse some fragment of the Swiss public discourse, in the field of the European integration as seen from the political parties’ percpective. The analysis shows that there can be observed the phenoomenon of Europpeanisation – the party programs, manifestoes, and political argumentation is more and more saturated with the European Union problematic as well as it is more intense and more salient.
European Union is one of the United States of America’s most important economic partners. The article aims to analyze the causes, value and directions of the trade policy as well as direct foreign investments of the USA. The USA had several reasons to invest abroad that changed over time. These included: the strong appreciation of the high rate of growth of real wages, the Chinese trade surplus, which put pressure on foreign partners to reduce exports and undertake the production in their countries, the abundance of capital in the domestic market, the low level of real interest rates and finally the search for less expensive direct investment in the USA. The value of trade between these entities began to grow rapidly in 2007, and the trend continues today. The peak occurred in 2015, when the annual value of the stream exceeded 300 billion dollars.
The United Kingdom has recorded a high growth rate over the past decade - higher than in the euro zone. A sudden and shocking deterioration took place in 2008 when the crisis of the financial system was further deepened and the prices in the domestic real property market decreased steadily. As far as the United Kingdom is concerned more emphasis should be put on the level of innovativeness because in most contemporary theories of economics, innovative actions constitute the major factor generating productivity growth. The British sector of financial services is extremely important for domestic and global economy. It is the fastest developing sector of economy in which the United Kingdom has the biggest comparative advantage.
The strategy for the availing of the Cohesion Fund has been elaborated under the assumption that the main objective to be realized in the years 2004-2006, and in the following years, shall be to enhance the competitiveness of the Polish economy and to strive towards the social and economic cohesion within the enlarged Community. The Cohesion Fund supports measures of the National Development Plan through 'the creation of suitable conditions for the increase in the level of investments, the promotion of sustainable development and territorial cohesion'. The main priorities in the years 2004-2006 and 2007-2013 shall be: the improvement of the quality of surface waters, flood safety, rational waste management and the improvement of air quality.
The globalization can mean both potential profits and new chances, but on the other hand, it can cause serious threats and huge challenges. A direction of its developments and prevention from its negative results depend on possibilities to influence this process by particular countries and groupings, including societies. It is obvious that the present shape of the globalization bears injustice, increases inequalities and threats, so it must be corrected to common favour. A question rises if facing the decrease of national countries influence on the global market mechanism and lack of other power controlling the global market (what some recognize the real threat to democracy), steering the globalization is possible. An answer seems to be positive, however, strengthening of multilateral cooperation between countries and their common efforts to influence factors shaping this process is necessary. First of all, a coordination of the global politics is needed, by creation institutions, which would deal with the regulations of particular matters and setting norms, as well as controlling their obedience on the whole world scale, which would lead to the increase of the rules clearance. Additionally the taken standards must come from regulations and international agreements. It is important, first of all, in the financial markets work. For sure, it is not possible to eliminate some negative aspects of globalization, but they can be weakend, thanks to common efforts.
Celem artykułu jest analiza przyczyn, wartości oraz kierunków bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych Chin. Przyczyny inwestowania przez Chiny były zróżnicowane i zmieniały się w czasie. Należały do nich: aprecjacja yuana wobec dolara, wysoka stopa wzrostu realnych płac, nadwyżka handlowa Chin, która wywołała naciski partnerów handlowych na ograniczenie eksportu i podjęcie produkcji w ich krajach, wysoki poziom oszczędności wewnętrznych, niski poziom realnych stóp procentowych, wreszcie poszukiwanie tańszych miejsc pracy. Jeśli chodzi o wartość chińskich bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych, zaczęła ona dynamicznie rosnąć od 2008 r. i trend wzrostowy trwa do dziś. Kumulacja nastąpiła w 2015 r. kiedy roczna wartość strumieni przekroczyła 145 mld dolarów. W XX i XXI wieku głównym odbiorcą inwestycji zagranicznych Chin zostały kraje azjatyckie, USA i kraje europejskie.
Niemcy są zaliczane do najważniejszych i bardzo ciekawych gospodarek współczesnego świata. Głównym „motorem” niemieckiej gospodarki był i pozostanie eksport wraz z wydatkami konsumpcyjnymi. W tym zakresie bezsprzecznym atutem pozostają działania na rzecz ciągłego wzrostu innowacyjności i wdrażania coraz to nowych rozwiązań technologicznych, z czego od lat słyną niemieckie przedsiębiorstwa i oferowane przez nie produkty. Ze względu na coraz częściej poruszane na arenie międzynarodowej tematy ekologii i dbania o środowisko naturalne w przyszłości znaczenia dla zagranicznych importerów przy wyborze towaru nabierać będą kwestie prowadzenia produkcji w sposób zrównoważony i w zgodzie z przyrodą, na co, zdaniem badaczy, niemieccy przedsiębiorcy również powinni zwrócić szczególną uwagę. Z kolei jeśli chodzi o rolę, jaką Niemcy miałyby odegrać w dalszym procesie integracyjnym, to opinie na ten temat są podzielone. Panuje przekonanie, że kraj ten jest bezsprzecznym i jedynym odpowiednim kandydatem do objęcia ewentualnego formalnego przewodnictwa w Unii Europejskiej, ale równocześnie pojawiają się zarzuty pod adresem władz niemieckich dotyczące prowadzonej przez nie polityki, postrzeganej jako niekorzystna dla szeroko rozumianego dobra wspólnoty. Od państwa niemieckiego oczekuje się także jednoznacznej i konkretnej odpowiedzi dotyczącej jego zamiarów względem Unii.
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Germany is considered one of the most important and most interesting economies in the contemporary world. Exports together with consumption have been – and still are – the main “vehicles” of German economy. Pro-innovative activities, implementation of new technologies and offering innovative products by German companies constitute a real strength. In addition to that, it becomes more and more important for German enterprises to consider environmental protection and sustainable development requirements. When it comes to the role of Germany in integration processes in Europe, opinions are quite diversified: on the one hand Germany seems to be an unquestionable candidate for formal leadership in the European Union, on the other – however – there are allegations with regard to the policy of German government. Undoubtedly Germany is expected to come with unambiguous and concrete answers regarding the future of EU integration.
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