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Negativní stereotypy Židů v české próze na přelomu 19. a 20. století

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Holý J.
Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)
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2013
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vol. 5
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issue 1
27-41
EN
This article deals with the stereotypes of Jews in Czech novels. Little attention has previously been paid to the images of Jews in Czech literature. One of the reasons was the marginalization of Jewish topics during the communist regime. On the other hand, the study of anti‑Jewish stereotypes in literature was not frequent in other countries either. The situation began to change some decades ago, within the context of discussions on post‑colonialism and gender‑studies. This brought about a new reading and interpretation of some authors and works of the literary canon. The economic and civil status of Jews in the Czech lands changed as a result of reforms during the 19th century. Jews achieved equality with other ethnic groups. At the end of the 19th century, most of them accepted Czechness. But at the same time, Czech political nationalism was radicalized. The Czech politicians combated German nationalism with anti‑Semitic rhetoric with economic competition in the background. Anti‑Semitism peaked around the time of the trial of Leopold Hilsner who was accused of a ritual murder, and later in the anti‑Jewish attacks at the end of the First World War. This examination of Jewish stereotypes in literary works is not meant to discuss these concrete historical events. They have been documented in specific literary techniques such as narrative strategies, representations of characters, configurations of style and metaphors (for example, comparing the figures of Jews with animals). Here the novels of Czech authors Václav Kosmák (1843–1898), Antal Stašek (1843–1931), Alois and Vilém Mrštík (1861–1925; 1863–1912), Josef Holeček (1853–1929), Jindřich Šimon Baar (1869–1925), and Božena Benešová (1873–1936) will be the focus. Resistance against the Jews can be labelled as religious (Jew versus Catholic; V. Kosmák, J. Š. Baar), nationalist (Jew versus Czech; V. Kosmák, J. Holeček), anti‑capitalist (Jew versus working man; A. and V. Mrštík, A. Stašek), moralistic (Jew versus moral man; all authors, mainly B. Benešová). Some stereotypes of Jews include their physiognomy (big nose, lips turned down, ugliness), language (mutilation of Czech, preference for German and Yiddish), deceit and depravity (immoral enrichment at the expense of other), lust and sexual depravity (on the one hand, a Jew as a seducer of young girls, on the other hand, spoiled young Jewish girls). The image of the Jewish conspiracy to rule the world (A. Stašek) rarely appears. It is usually reserved for more inferior literature. All of these stereotypes are partly related to the older anti‑Judaism, which begot the racial anti‑Semitism of the 20th century.
2
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Jak psát a nepsat dějiny české literatury

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Holý J.
Česká literatura (Czech Literature)
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2009
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vol. 57
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issue 6
775-801
EN
This article is concerned with several different concepts of literary history. It concludes that a multidisciplinary approach spanning a number of different media is now often used in synthetic histories of literature. It is no longer possible to write a history of literature in terms of a single, unified narrative or as a text governed by a single overarching idea. One must now use a multiplicity of approaches: literature as an autonomous evolutionary process, literature as part of cultural history, literature in the transnational context, and literature in the comparative context. The series of literary histories published by Harvard University Press (A New History of French Literature, A New History of German Literature, and A New Literary History of America) is particularly thought provoking in this respect since these works consider literature within a broad cultural and social context. The point of departure for each chapter is a literary or a social and/or political event. The History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe, of which three volumes have been published so far (2004, 2006, and 2007) is unconventional and noteworthy. Czech literary history has, traditionally, struggled with national ideology and its prejudices. After the Communist takeover of 1948, this was superseded by Marxist ideology, which was similarly limiting. The article analyzes three recent histories of Czech literature, which have tried to overcome these boundaries. Dějiny české literatury (A History of Czech Literature) by Hana Voisine-Jechová was published in Czech in 2005 (and in French as Histoire de la littérature tchèque, in 2001). Although the author says she is using a comparative approach, her work contains a large number of mistakes, inaccuracies, and teleological and causal constructions. The third volume of Schamschula’s voluminous Geschichte der tschechischen Literatur (A History of Czech Literature, 2004) is much more successful. This work covers the period from 1918 to the present day. Schamschula manifests much greater literary-historical knowledge than Voisine-Jechová, but his approach is marred by an anti-Czech bias. What is more, Schamschula’s and Voisine-Jechová’s treatment of Czech literature after 1968 is quite inadequate. In many respects, these shortcomings have been rectified by the extensive, four volume project Dějiny české literatury 1945–1989 (A History of Czech Literature, 1945–89, vols I–II , 2007, vols II–IV, 2008), a collective work produced by the Prague based Institute of Czech Literature under Pavel Janoušek. This work uses a much broader definition of the concept of literature (taking into account, for example, the cultural context, the mass media, and rock and folk music). There are inaccuracies and problems even in this work, but on the whole this history has managed to overcome the teleological concept and some of the traditional constraints of Czech literary history.
3
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Conventions of Radka Denemarková’s Novel Peníze od Hitlera (Money from Hitler) along with its Reception

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Holý J.
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
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2017
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issue 12
371-379
PL
Radka Denemarková’s Peníze od Hitlera (Money from Hitler), edited in 2006, is a succesful novel. It has been perceived by critics as a significant work and traslated into ten languages. Despite this positive response, it is my belief that the novel is not an outstanding work. The construction of the text is full of stereotypes. It uses well-worn narrative procedures, conventional images and symbols as well as banal metaphors. That is why the credibility of the characters and situations presented in Peníze od Hitlera disappears very often. There is also a preexisting model of this novel, the play Der Besuch der alten Dame (1956, The Visit of the Old Lady), written by Friedrich Dürrenmatt. Unlike Dürrenmat, Denemarková emphasizes the dark scenes and the melodramatic emotionality of her novel. Therefore, her work is close to conventional clichés.
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