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1

INTERNMENT OF THE JAPANESE IN THE UNITED STATES DURING WORD WAR II. AN ATTEMPT OF A NEW APPROACH

100%
Parafianowicz H.
Białostockie Teki Historyczne
|
2008
|
vol. 6
177-195
EN
The February 1942 unprecedented decision of the American government (Executive Order 9066) caused the relocation of 100-120 thousand Japanese Americans from the West Coast to specially designated for that purpose exclusion, detention, internment, etc. camps. The action was conducted in the atmosphere of hysteria after Pearl Harbor and it was to be justified by alleged disloyalty and espionage of the enemy (i.e. Japan and the Japanese Emperor) as well as war conditions and national security. This forcible relocation caused numerous abuses and breaches of the law by various agencies. It was the testimony of massive civil rights violations (the majority of the detained and interned were U.S. citizens) and of violations of the Constitution. With time these activities were sued and found unjustified and illegal. This fact was the basis of later demands of reparations for the suffered, mainly material, losses (redress movement). Congress hearings of the 1980s and Oral History Projects, i.e. historical documentation concerning the camps, played an important role in the examination of the subject of the Japanese Americans' internment. The issue, for years passed over in silence and almost forgotten, with time found its reflection in and was discussed by the media - especially American television and the press. It resulted in finding these activities illegal (Civil Liberties Act) and issuing of an official apology for this shameful act of the American government during World War II to Japanese Americans.
2

Czechoslovakia in U.S. policy after World War I

100%
Parafianowicz H.
Białostockie Teki Historyczne
|
2006
|
issue 4
147-160
EN
American participation in World War I had far-reaching consequences for the U.S. foreign policy. After the war the United States came off victorious and considerably enriched, as from an indebted country it changed into a creditor of several states and became an unquestionable economic and financial world superpower. The United Sates was interested in the reconstruction as well as economic and political stabilization of Central and East-European countries, where it was actively involved. Czechoslovakia was also subject to American policy, especially in the field of economics. Activities of American Relief Administration, YMCA, YWCA, the Red Cross and various other charity and educational organizations became an important element of the U.S. post-war policy towards Central-European countries. Despite different aims and various interpretations ascribed to it, the United States also played an important role in the reconstruction of these countries - including Czechoslovakia. It should be stressed that Washington paid special attention to the work of U.S. legation in Prague, especially in the years 1919-1920, when the State Department treated it as an important center of information not only about Czechoslovakia. Lack of stability in this area, and especially the events in Russia, revolution in Hungary as well as the Polish-Soviet war automatically changed Prague into an important source providing information about these events. Diplomatic and consulate agencies of both countries and their representatives, American Czechs and Slovaks as well as various societies played an important role in the development of bilateral relations of the two countries. Economic connections, such as war debts, investments and American loans as well as commercial exchange, marked not only American presence but also considerable post-war activity both in Czechoslovakia and in the whole region. Fascination with America and Americanization of Czechoslovakia were also not to be neglected in bilateral relations of the two countries in those years.
3

WORLD WAR II AND FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT IN THE NEW AMERICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

100%
Parafianowicz H.
Dzieje Najnowsze
|
2005
|
issue 4
37-51
EN
To this day, historical works, more and more often revisionist in character, are written on the subject of the diplomatic, political and military aspects of WW II and American involvement in it. Many books have been devoted to US participation in the strategies of the Allies and, most of all, Roosevelt's war diplomacy. Dozens of substantial works have been published on the war with Japan and Germany, with much greater attention given to operations in the Pacific. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was, and still remains, a frequently discussed issue. It has been taken up by Roosevelt's critics, who see the act as a conscious provocation by the government and president for the purpose of American involvement in the war, as well as by apologists, who focus on the patriotism and heroism of American soldiers. For over 60 years historians have been searching for the full explanation and the truth about Pearl Harbor. For years, history textbooks made no mention of the relocation of Japanese Americans during the war. This was also an unpopular and, as a result, rarely discussed subject in historical works. Since the 1980s, the problem of relocation camps (also more often referred to as extermination and concentration camps) found a permanent place in American historiography. The Holocaust and the responsibility of politicians and nations for the mass extermination of Jews during WW II have been long present in American books. Every now and again discussions arise concerning the attitudes of Americans, American Jews, the administration and the president himself towards the Holocaust. The constructions of the atomic bomb and any plans connected with its possible use have been broadly discussed in historiography. It is possible to observe that this subject, as well as doubts concerning it, do not arise solely on the occasion of solemn anniversaries of the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
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