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Ad annos discretionis. Dorastanie w miastach późnośredniowiecznej Polski

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Bartoszewicz A.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
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2023
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vol. 130
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issue 3
467-492
EN
The article aims to analyse issues related to the perception of the age of majority in Polish towns in the fifteenth and first decades of the sixteenth century. Attaining the age of majority, i.e. the age of discretion (Latin: anni discretionis) was regulated by law, and the term appears regularly in the registers of municipal courts and higher courts of German law. Therefore, the analysis of the source material makes it possible to reconstruct the process of coming of age together with the rights and obligations related to it and allows us to observe differences and similarities in treating adolescent girls and boys.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza zagadnień związanych z postrzeganiem granicy pełnoletności w miastach polskich w XV i pierwszych dekadach XVI w. Osiągnięcie pełnoletności, czyli lat sprawnych (anni discretionis) było regulowane prawem, a termin ten występuje regularnie w rejestrach sądów miejskich i sądów wyższych prawa niemieckiego. Analiza materiału źródłowego umożliwia zatem odpowiedź na pytanie, jak wyglądał w praktyce proces wchodzenia w pełnoletność, jakie wiązały się z tym prawa i obowiązki oraz pozwala zaobserwować różnice i podobieństwa w sposobie traktowania dorastających dziewcząt i chłopców.
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Mowa, gest, pismo. Relacje między kulturą żywego słowa a kulturą pisma w świetle zapisek z ksiąg sądowych późnośredniowiecznych miast polskich

100%
Bartoszewicz A.
Kwartalnik Historyczny
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2017
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vol. 124
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issue 2
PL
Każda zapiska zachowana w księgach miejskich stanowi efekt różnego rodzaju działań odbywających się w sferze słów i gestów, słuchanych, oglądanych i wreszcie przetworzonych przez pisarza w urzędowy zapis. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakie miejsce w tym świecie teatralnych gestów i utartych formuł zajmowało pismo. Any record registered in municipal books is a result of many actions in the sphere of words and gestures, listened to, seen, watched, and finally transformed by the scribe into an official registration. The present article attempts to answer the question about the place occupied by writing in that world of theatrical gestures and set phrases.
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Późnośredniowieczna piśmienność mieszczańska na Kujawach

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Bartoszewicz A.
Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica
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2010
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vol. 17
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issue 17
81-95
EN
The primary source base for research on urban literacy in Kujawy are documents and letters, addressed to the town councils of big cities of Prussia that were drawn up in the offices of several cities (Włocławek, Inowrocław, Radziejów, Brześć Kujawski, Bydgoszcz, Gniewkowo). They are currently stored in the archives in Toruń and Gdańsk. Moreover, there are court books, city council records and bench court registers (Radziejów, Brześć Kujawski, Kowal, Przedecz) in different condition. Another group of sources are the statutes of the guilds in Bydgoszcz. In their view Kujawy appears as an area of high legal culture and rich urban literacy, which - in comparison with other regions of the Polish Kingdom - developed relatively early. This was because of trade contacts between the townspeople of Kujawy and the State of Teutonic Knights and the need to use of the same work and communications tools, as they and merchants of Hansa had. Municipal offices, employing professional, well-educated writers, were not the only centers of urban culture. Late Medieval Kujawy had also a well developed network of parochial schools under guardianship of the councilors, still only a few bourgeois sons went the University of Krakow. It seems that in their case, more important role in education played educational and cultural institutions in Prussia, cathedral schools (Włocławek) and collegiate schools (Kruszwica).
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Testament jako źródło do badań nad piśmiennością mieszczańską w późnym średniowieczu

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Bartoszewicz A.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
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2011
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vol. 59
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issue 3-4
293-303
EN
A testament is by its very nature an evidence of a literate culture. Regardless of the social and legal factors that shaped the custom of recording one’s last will in writing, its emergence was only possible in those communities in which writing was a tool of everyday communication and work. Therefore, registering and cataloguing surviving testaments, as well as analysing their content, is very important for research on the literacy of burghers. Vital information can be inferred from studying the ways of authenticating burgher testaments and the institutions that were involved in that process, since there is much variety in this area. Burghers’ last wills could be written down as notarial deeds; they could also be private documents or documents issued by the town council. They could be authorised by being recorded in the town council register or in the consistory register. Bigger town kept separate records of testaments. On the one hand, testaments show the increased role of writing in burghers’ life, on the other – writing down a testament and dividing the legacy started bureaucratic procedures, necessitated decisions and settlements made before municipal offices, bringing in contact with them people who had never needed their services. It is particularly interesting to observe contacts between burghers and municipal offices from various towns. Records from the oldest surviving municipal registers of small and medium towns (from the beginning of the 15th c.) indicate that the custom of writing down one’s last will contributed to the development of literacy among burghers. The most interesting data on the literacy of the community represented by testators can be drawn from the content of particular testaments. The analysis primarily concerns the forms used for testaments. Very valuable information can also be inferred from the type and character of documents kept in burgher archives. Significant clues are also found in all, even very laconic, mentions about burghers’ libraries. Equally important are those testaments that testify to burghers’ financial, family and social contacts with people earning their living through mental work (clerks, notaries, teachers, etc.). Very interesting for a historian of literacy are testaments written down by municipal clerks. The testament is undoubtedly an important element of burghers’ literacy, with the word ‘element’ playing a key role. While reading a particular last will, we always have to consider whether and to what extent it is a part of a larger output; we also have to ask whether the source analysed is really the final settlement of one’s worldly affairs or only a part of it. Such a reflection is necessary especially when we deal with testaments of representatives of burgher élite, who had wide family and business connections and who used writing in their everyday life: merchants, officials, notaries and clerks.
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Crossing Barriers – Growing Barriers. Jews in Late Medieval Warsaw

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Bartoszewicz A.
Acta Poloniae Historica
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2023
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vol. 128
229-247
EN
The article deals with the question of the existence of the Jewish community and the barriers between Jews and non-Jews in the Old Warsaw from the 1420s to the 1520s. The contact points and areas of the two communities, as well as the tools used to communicate between them, are distinguished. Firstly, Jewish property in the space of Old Warsaw, as well as neighbouring and economic contacts, are noticed. Then, the presence of Jews both from Warsaw and other towns and regions in court sessions is analysed. Local and Lithuanian or Volhynian Jews appeared in the Old Warsaw town hall. However, the most important place for official meetings of Warsaw Jews with the Christian community was the court for nobles. It is visible that the first half of the fifteenth century was a unique period with a far-reaching agreement between the Christian inhabitants of Warsaw and its surroundings and the members of the local Jewish community. Within the linguistic area, the communication tools were Polish and German, while Latin, possibly familiar to some Jews, was not a significant communication barrier. Hebrew had its position in the bureaucratic system as well. The protection of the local duke secured a relatively harmonious economic cooperation, which was fostered by the then economic situation of Mazovia. The mid-fifteenth century brought a violent turn, which was influenced by the changes in the political and economic situation, as well as the religious atmosphere. Warsaw burghers started to perceive the Jews as competition, as ‘others’, and began to approach them with growing hostility.
6
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Średniowieczne księgi ziemskie szadkowskie w zasobie Archiwum Głównego Akt Dawnych w Warszawie

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Bartoszewicz A.
Biuletyn Szadkowski
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2011
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issue 11
53-59
EN
This paper first describes the functioning of first instance local courts of justice (called district courts) in medieval Poland, and against this background presents records of the District Court in Szadek. The historical documents, produced in the period between 1417 (first records) and 1768, constitute a separate archival file, which contains 106 volumes, between several hundred and over a thousand pages each. Ten of the preserved volumes are from the medieval times (1417-1510). The entries in the old books cover various matters: court Writs, information about court verdicts and sentences, lists of witnesses, records of credit and real estate transactions, obligations to settle payments etc. These archives are considered to be the main source for studies on landed gentry, but their vast potential has not yet been fully appreciated or exploited by researchers.
7
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Ratusz w małych miastach polskich w XV–XVI wieku

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Bartoszewicz A.
Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych
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2014
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vol. 74
EN
The town hall in small Polish towns from the 15th to the 16th century(Summary) This article attempts to find an answer to the question about the presence and role of town halls in very small and small Polish towns (i.e. in centres with a population of from several hundred to just over one thousand people) in the 15th to 16th centuries. Notes made in the town’s ledgers, which included expenses related to the functioning of the town halls, as well as all other mention of such halls in the town’s books and in surveys were analysed. Based on these meagre sources it is difficult to answer with any certainty the question about when the construction of town halls in small centres began. This phenomenon was visible from at least the mid-15th century, although some of the towns of interest to us already had town halls earlier – in the first half of the 15th century. The town hall was perceived by everyone as being a significant element attesting to the fact that a given centre could be called a town. Although the construction and then the maintenance of this attribute of urban culture required both financial means and organization which often exceeded the abilities of small town communities, the desire to build town halls and the planning of such enterprises are clearly visible. Town halls in smaller towns had reduced functions compared with those in large centres; however, far-reaching analogies can be observed. Apart from a residential function, the town halls in small towns served as archives, sometimes also as prisons, it is where trading was conducted, meetings held, and where information was exchanged.
8
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Późnośredniowieczny Szadek i jego mieszkańcy w świetle zapisek najstarszej księgi miejskiej

100%
Bartoszewicz A.
Biuletyn Szadkowski
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2006
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issue 06
111-126
9
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Obraz kartograficzny Szadku w XIX w.

100%
Bartoszewicz A.
Biuletyn Szadkowski
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2008
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issue 08
85-91
EN
Szadek – a town fulfilling in the past important administrative and socio-economic functions – is found on almost all maps of old Poland’s territory. Therefore plentiful archival material is kept in the Central Archive of Old Documents in Warsaw and Public Records Office in Łódź. It allows various studies on the history of Szadek and its inhabitants to be conducted, but the town’s spatial structure – both its origins and stages of development – can be studied on the basis of cartographic sources from the 19th century, especially several hand-drawn general plans. The article presents cartographic material kept in the Central Archive of Old Documents, with a particular focus on three plans of the town drawn up in the mid-19th century. They make it possible to trace changes in the spatial structure of the town and the character of construction work carried out at that time.
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