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1

The necessity of a new redefinition of 'morpheme'

100%
Pete I.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
|
2004
|
vol. 128
|
issue 2
187-195
EN
The Polish linguist Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (1845-1929) was the first to use the term morpheme (1881, Kazan). Since then, the term has been redefined over and over again. Nowadays, the morpheme is the smallest meaningful or formal unit in a language, in a word, or in a grammar, or the smallest linguistic sign. The author of this paper gives a new redefinition of morpheme as follows: The morpheme is the smallest asymmetrical formal unit with any kind of meaning or function in word structures. The realisation of morphemes exhibits epidigmatic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships or dimensions.
2

On alternating priorities in the subject - predicate relationship

100%
Pete I.
Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)
|
2004
|
vol. 100
|
issue 1
66-74
EN
There are many ways in which sentences can be analysed. The author proposes five points of view (logical, semantic, grammatical, structural, and informational) for the analysis of predication and of sentences. (1) From an Aristotelian logical point of view, the sentence is divided into two main, coequal parts: subject and predicate. Further (secondary) parts of the sentence are within the scope of either the subject or the predicate: All good things | must come to an end. Betegsége miatt az iskolából sokat hiányzó Péter 'helyzete' | az érettségi elott 'nehéz' 'Peter having missed a lot of his classes due to his illness, his situation | is difficult before the final exam'. (Cf. aliquid - stat pro - aliquo 'something is said about something'). In a formal logical analysis (based on Frege's mathematical logic), a verbal predicate (having function R) takes priority over the subject and the other arguments: a R b c d. This paper argues against the priority of the predicate over the subject. The scope of the predicate does not extend to the modifiers or specifiers of the subject. - (2) From a semantic point of view, the subject is the nucleus of the sentence, because the majority of nouns are autonomous words, realising their referential meaning in a subject function and semantically controlling the whole sentence. - (3) From a grammatical point of view, the subject has priority over the predicate which must agree with its subject. - (4) From a structural point of view, the predicate governs its arguments in the structural tree of the sentence. - (5) With respect to an informational characterisation of the sentence, the predicate takes priority over all other constituents of the sentence since the informationally most prominent part of the rheme (or comment) usually precedes the predicate in Hungarian.
3

Zeros and non-eros, little pro and big PRO in Hungarian

100%
Pete I.
Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)
|
2004
|
vol. 128
|
issue 3
326-339
EN
Most linguists agree on the view of language as a system of linguistic signs involving two sides: '‘signifier' and 'signified'. The relations between these can be symmetrical (having exactly the same numbers on either side of linguistic signs) and asymmetrical. There are two main types of asymmetrical relations: (1) The correspondence is not one-to-one: (a) a signifier has more than one meaning (homonymy, polysemy), (b) a signified has more than one form (variants, synonyms). (2) One of the two sides of a linguistic sign is empty: (a) a signifier has no lexical or grammatical meaning: interjections, pletive words (Where's that bloody cat?), dummy words (It's raining. There's a wasp on your back. You ought to go (compare You must go)), swear words; unifix 'an empty morph occurring between a stem and a meaningful affix' (child-r-en, Hung. könyv-e-m 'my book'), interfix 'an empty morph between the roots or stems in a compound word' (galvan-o-meter); (b) a signified has no sound form. For example, many linguists would argue that the plural form sheep consists of two morphemes, the stem sheep and a null plural suffix 0. There are diverse uses of the term zero in the linguistic literature. The number and types of zeros have increased in the new Hungarian grammars of recent years. The author (following Charles Bally) suggests that the number of zeros should be reduced. He argues that the term zero should only be applied if the following three conditions are met: a zero signifier must have a definite meaning, and it must have both linear syntagmatic relations and vertical paradigmatic relations with other, non-null elements. Compare: Lat. nom. sing. vir-0 (man, husband); domin-us (gentleman, sir, mister, master); man-us (hand); vir-0 ; acc. vir-um; dat. vir-o. We must distinguish zeros from the absence, dropping, ellipsis, implication, and neutralisation of morphemes or words. Hungarian is a pro-drop language.
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