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1

Micro-sized Enterprise Classification Criteria

100%
Katowski T.
Pieniądze i Więź
|
2005
|
vol. 8
|
issue 2(27)
131-140
EN
The term micro-sized enterprise relates to a whole class of entities differentiated from the group of small and medium-sized enterprises. The characteristics of that enterprise class depends on the aim of differentiating. There are two major aims including: deep statistical analysis of small and medium-sized enterprise sector and the conducting of small and medium-sized enterprise support projects. The first aim demands the definition of micro-sized enterprise as the statistical research object and the second one - the definition of micro-sized enterprise as the business law subject. The competent use of classification criteria differentiating micro-sized enterprise from small and medium-sized enterprise group is necessary to properly understand statistical data describing structure and changes in that enterprise class and illustrating the importance of micro-sized enterprise in the micro-economic dimension. The competence in classification criteria is also of practical use for the micro-sized enterprise owner since the fulfilment of the criteria is a necessary condition to get access to the national and European Union financial aid. The full list of criteria comprises 6 points: business sector, workers' number, employee number, the degree of independence, legal status, the yearly turnabout or the balance sheet active value. Two first criteria are the basis of the statistical analysis run by GUS (Main Statistical Office) The Parliamentary Act definition is more complicated and includes all the above mentioned points except the second one. That definition is based on the number of workers not the employees. In the Polish business law micro-sized enterprise (its owner) has been defined for the first time in the business freedom act of August 6, 2004. That definition (together with the definitions of small and medium-sized enterprises) has been bounding since May 1, 2002. The definitions are compatible with the classifications present in the European Union law. The present definition recommended by the European Commission (since May, 1, 2005) can be found in the document 'Commission Recommendation of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises 03/361/EC (Official Journal L 124 of 20 May 2003)'.
2

Nanobusiness - the Simplest Business Organisation

100%
Katowski T.
Pieniądze i Więź
|
2007
|
vol. 10
|
issue 4(37)
EN
Traditional (neoclassical) business model concerns one person decision-making business units hiring employers. The smallest businesses that belong to that group are nanobusinesses - the one person units in essence where the owner is at the same time the only manager and the only employee. The article is trying to characterise the nanobusiness as a business differing from the standard theory of business functioning. The author analyses the literature of the subject.
3

On the 5th Essay of J.S. Mill

100%
Katowski T.
Pieniądze i Więź
|
2008
|
vol. 11
|
issue 3(40)
11-15
EN
Introductory comment to J.S.Mills 5th Essay 'On the Definition of Political Economy and on the Method of Investigation Proper to It' , published in 1836. This essay, which is for the first time fully translated into Polish and published in this issue of the quarterly, deals with subject specification and research method used in economics as a social science.
4

Total Cost Structure

100%
Katowski T.
Pieniądze i Więź
|
2006
|
vol. 9
|
issue 2-3(31-32)
99-106
EN
In the literarure on the subject there are four main criteria dividing total cost: 1) ability to establish financial value of the cost; 2) the relation between the cost and the production change; 3) the necessity of covering the cost by income; 4) the relation between the cost and decision. As a consequence the short term total cost analysis may include accordingly: open and hidden costs and fixed costs, direct and indirect costs, choice-influenced costs and choice influencing costs. The cost theory presented by contemporary handbooks of microeconomics combines the elements of theory explaining producers' behaviour in relation to the cost analysis divided into variable and fixed costs analysis with the elements of London School of Economy logic choice theory based on the choice influencing and choice influenced cost division. It creates many unclear interpretations visible in the charts describing economic position of model producers. In that context the suggestions made by Buchanan and Machlup to limit short-term producers' activity analysis to the elements of costs and income measurable in money seem right
5

Forgotten Part of the Oligopoly - Demand Curve in Pricing Leadership and Prize Discrimination Conditions

63%
Dudzinski P., Katowski T.
Pieniądze i Więź
|
2008
|
vol. 11
|
issue 3(40)
222-228
EN
In the model of oligopoly the demand curve kinks. The broken line depicting the demand curve may have two shapes: with the cusp directed upwards or downwards. Although the first one is generally considered as typical it is worth mentioning that P. Sweezy - one of the authors of the kink theory - thought of both of them as being equivalent. As far as we know no one has examined in detail the second case of the kink. The aim of the article is to investigate the characteristics of downwards kinked demand curve. We conclude that the point of the kink can not be the equilibrium position for the producer. Just opposite, keeping the price and the output in this point would be for him the worst solution. In this case the stability (stickiness) of price does not exists but it is not possible to stipulate the producer's decisions as to the price and output unless we know the set of non-pecuniary elements affecting his decision making process. Those factors are included in the managerial and institutional analysis.
6

At the Source of Gossen's Laws

63%
Dudzinski P., Katowski T.
Pieniądze i Więź
|
2007
|
vol. 10
|
issue 1(34)
119-126
EN
The aim of the article is to present how Gossen explained the fundamental rule that defines fulfilling the life goal of every man - a rule of equimarginalism. Gossen's explanation is surprisingly different from the explanation offered by microeconomics' handbooks. In the first part the article presents short biography of Gossen and unusual history of his work and the rules formulated there. The second part presents original Gossen's arguments explaining equimarginalism. At present we usually treat utility as a function of consumption and therefore as a growing function. Gossen represented pleasure as the time related function. It is a different kind of function and therefore it has got different characteristics. The explanation of equimarginalism proposed by Gossen is worth remembering because of the role of time factor and the decision aspect. The G. Becker's (1965) function of consumption that accepts time as a part of consumer's costs to attain utility may be understood as development of Gossen ideas formulated in 1854. Gossen's understanding of decision aspect's importance has come 80 years prior to the L. Robbin's (1932) definition of the economy's research subject that understood management as a decision making process. The third reason to remember original Gossen argument: the equimarginalism rule points out to utility as a quality in the perspective of acting man. On the basis of the active decision making process L. Mises (1949) has constructed praxaeological theory of final utility. In Gossen work one can see the seeds of that theory too.
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