In the article, the authoress mainly discusses the problem of the relationship between epistemic fallibilism and the form of falsificationism endorsed by Popper and Lakatos. According to Popperian-Lakatosian view, it is demanded that methodological rules of assessment be unified and applicable to every fully articulated theoretical system. At the same time, falsificationism is expected to reflect and specify some of the central ideas of fallibilism. Fallibilism is in turn based on the assumption that each part of science should be put to continuous criticism. In other words, it is required that no element of the discourse be placed beyond the scope of evaluative procedures. However, as the analysis reveals, falsificationism and fallibilism can hardly go together. Whereas fallibilism states the absolute corrigibility of every piece of knowledge, falsificationism presupposes uncritical acceptance of certain statements and may result in dogmatic rejection of some parts of science. As a result, the model of scientific rationality built upon fallibilism must in important respects differ from that based on falsificationism.
Pierre Duhem was first to undermine the possibility of conducting crucial experiments in science. Experiment, as he states, can neither verify, nor falsify any hypothesis - the choice of one theory over the other is not governed solely by facts. As is commonly stated, Duhem's results was amplified by Quine. The article discusses Quine's contribution to the considered issue and Lakatos' attempt to overcome the difficulties pointed out by Duhem and Quine which has resulted in a novel formulation of the demarcation problem.
The increasing prevalence of acquired carbapenemases in Gram – negative bacteria is one of the biggest problems in the prevention and therapy of infectious diseases. NDM (New Delhi Metallo--Lactamase) is a recently discovered enzyme which has the ability to hydrolyze all -lactam antibiotics, except aztreonam. Making that scenario more worrisome is the fact that mobile fragments of DNA carrying blaNDM genes, also keeps a number of other genes encoding antibiotic resistance. NDM enzymes are currently present in different species of bacteria all over the world. NDM-producing bacteria are resistant to virtually all available antimicrobial agents except tigecycline, colistine and fosfomycine
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