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1

OHROZENIE, RIZIKO A NEBEZPEČENSTVO: TEORETICKÉ POJMY A EMPIRICKÝ VÝSKUM NA SLOVENSKU

100%
Bužeková T.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
|
2019
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vol. 26
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issue 1
5 – 18
EN
Although threat has been always a part of human existence, a systematic scientific attempt to study its various forms in relation to society is a rather recent development. After the Second World War the term risk became an important issue in the natural sciences and public discourse. Consequently, it was discussed in the social sciences and humanities, where all concepts of threat had in common the principle that its causes and consequences are represented through social processes. The paper aims to overview the main theoretical notions of threat and the empirical research on the related topics in Slovak ethnology. In the first part of the paper the author offers a brief overview of the ideas which have emerged in sociology and socio-cultural anthropology since the 1960s, with the central notions of risk and danger. The second part of the paper brings an outline of empirical studies in Slovak ethnology and related disciplines. They indicate the social processes which are perceived as threats in Slovak society.
2

SHAMANIC GIFT IN THE GLOBAL VILLAGE: SHAMANIC HEALING AND BIOMEDICINE

100%
Bužeková T.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2019
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vol. 67
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issue 4
412 – 429
EN
Neo-shamanism or urban shamanism is a movement which concentrates on spiritual healing and aims to revive traditional shamanism. The aim of the paper is to explore the legitimation of charismatic neo-shamanic healers in relation to biomedicine which is a dominant authoritative body of medical knowledge in European societies. The paper presents the results of ethnographic research on two neo-shamanic groups operating in Slovakia. In neo-shamanism, the shaman’s abilities are represented either as learned skills, or a special spiritual gift. The latter is characteristic of charismatic persons within neo-shamanic groups. I base my argument on the understanding of charisma as rhetoric and investigate discursive strategies of two charismatic healers who belong to different kinds of neo-shamanic groups. Both support the view that the shamanic practices are compatible with biomedicine; however, they represent this compatibility in different ways. I argue that the rhetoric in the legitimation of the shamanic gift corresponds to the particular social settings and cultural background of a healer. It is manifested in the use of the concept of energy which serves as a bridge between spiritual healing and the natural sciences.
3

LAND AND MORALITY IN A RURAL COMMUNITY: EMOTIVE LANGUAGE IN THE NARRATIVES OF THE PAST

100%
Bužeková T.
Muzeológia a kultúrne dedičstvo
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2018
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vol. 6
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issue 1
127 – 144
EN
The paper presents the analysis of ethnographic research in a village in eastern Slovakia. The author ś aim is to consider the narratives of people from countryside who witnessed socialist period and to present their view of land which they cultivated. She explores two sources: people’s life stories; and a local chronicle which was written during the 1960s. She argues that (1) both kinds of narratives serve as cultural tools for members of a collective as they recount the past in certain context; (2) in this, expression of moral emotions indicates narrative conventions related to social norms. The author demonstrates that the semi-official context of the local chronicle demands expression of moral emotions in evaluation of the big-scale political events, but the chroniclers are rather cautious in assessment of local people’s behaviour. On the other side, in informal settings people summarize life periods using moral terms and freely express positive as well as negative attitudes toward other people and social conditions, to make sense of the past events in relation to the present time. Thus, the language of emotions indicates the specific narrative context as well as social rules. At the same time, emotional expressions should be read considering a narrator’s personality and social background; in this, the local historical and cultural setting is essential.
4

TELO AKO PRIESEČNÍK PRÍRODY A KULTÚRY

100%
Bužeková T.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
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2022
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vol. 29
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issue 1
8 - 35
EN
Until certain time, in social sciences and humanities the human body has usually been conceptualized as a universal biological basis on which culture performs its infinite diversity. In recent decades, the perception of the body primarily as a biological organism has been replaced by a more complex view: the body as an object of research is seen as a result of the interaction of different discourses, institutions, practices, technologies and ideologies. A shift in this understanding can be observed from the late 1970s onwards; and in the mid-1980s, the study of the body grew into a separate branch of research – the anthropology of the body. This period also saw the development of medical anthropology, in which the body occupied a central position. At the same time, representations of the body became important in the anthropology of gender. Thus, in recent decades, social science research has witnessed a sudden “rise” of the body to the position of an important theoretical category. The aim of this paper is to look at this theoretical shift from the perspective of the perennial debate about the opposition of nature and culture. This dichotomy is directly related to other oppositions of Western academic discourse: individual-society, reason-emotion and body-mind. The article discusses theoretical considerations that most explicitly reflect their interplay and are ultimately aimed at overcoming the nature-culture dichotomy. The author also refers to relevant ethnographic studies in Slovakia. It is concluded that social science research has shown that the body is not only a biological object: it is part of social relations and an inherent part of culture.
5

ZDIEĽANIE, OCENENIE A RECIPROCITA: NA PRÍKLADE FLICKR

100%
Bužeková T.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
|
2007
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vol. 14
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issue 1
78-95
EN
The study deals with the role of reciprocity in evaluation of amateur photography on the web application Flickr. The primary goals of Flickr are to share and organize images on-line. Although appreciation of the photos is not among them, it comes as a logical consequence of sharing images and presents the basic activity of the participants. This appreciation tends to be reciprocal and becomes a social norm of Flickr community reflected on the level of the organized groups as well as on the more personal level of the participants' contacts and friendships. The informal networks of the contacts and friends significantly influence success of the images measured quantitatively by several characteristics (views, comments and favourites) and also indirectly mediate success on the level of formal networks presented by the organized groups. While on the level of the contacts and friends reciprocity presents rather implicit social norm, on the level of groups it is often requested by the rules and therefore presents declared social norm supported by the sanctions. In both cases, the non-reciprocal participants do not have a chance to achieve any significant success in the terms of the Flickr community.
6

POLITIZÁCIA NEBEZPEČENSTVA KORONAVÍRUSU: RIZIKO A MORÁLKA. POSTOJE VOČI VLÁDNYM OPATRENIAM A NÁZOROM ODBORNÍKOV POČAS PRVEJ VLNY PANDÉMIE NA SLOVENSKU

63%
Bužeková T., Dubravčák J.
Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)
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2021
|
vol. 28
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issue 1
21 – 50
EN
The aim of this paper is to present an ethnographic probe into the complex issue – how people in Slovakia evaluated the course of the first wave of the COPVID-19 pandemic. We introduce the results of a pilot ethnographic research carried out in August 2020 in Bratislava and Nitra. To interpret the collected material, we use Mary Douglas´ cultural theory which addresses the political use of natural dangers and links the notion of risk with cultural values and moral norms. We consider Douglas´ idea that any danger is define to protect the public good and that the incidence of blame is a by-product of arrangements for persuading fellow members to contribute to it. We apply this argument in the specific context of the first wavy of pandemic in Slovakia. The analysis of ethnographic material has shown that people evaluate management of the pandemic by institutions, experts and politicians in different ways, but their judgements always point to moral norms. For them, political measures must be based on the scientific knowledge. A part of their assessment is blaming – attributing responsibility for the negative development to social actors. The specific scenario of dealing with danger refers to several prescriptive norms: learn, be careful, behave responsibility, listening to experts. As for politicians, they must serve society and follow moral rules. Future research will offer a more detailed look at the connection between the forms of social organisation and attributing responsibility to institutions and politicians during the pandemic, which can be useful in understanding how people in Slovakia face danger.
7

ROLE OF SUBTLE SIGNALS LINKED TO RELIGIOUS RITUALS IN THE EVALUATION OF NEWCOMERS BY A VILLAGE COMMUNITY

63%
Uhrin M., Bužeková T.
Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)
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2022
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vol. 70
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issue 2
210 – 227
EN
The purpose of the paper is to explore the role of religious rituals in assessing the behaviour of new people who come to live in their locality. It presents ethnographic data collected in a village in western Slovakia to demonstrate that participation in rituals plays an important role in the old settlers’ descriptions of newcomers. To interpret their statements, we refer to the signalling theory which was applied in the cognitive and evolutionary approach to the study of socio-cultural phenomena. Empirical work in this field has shown that participation in low-frequency and high-cost religious rituals is perceived as an honest signal of group commitment. We argue that if such rituals are absent in a particular locality, then trustworthiness, commitment to the group, and compliance with group norms are communicated by other types of signal, in particular high-frequency low-cost subtle signals, such as participating in various activities related to religious life, in particular regular religious rituals. This paper is a preliminary study which aims to draw attention to subtle religious signals in particular socio-cultural settings.
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