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1

EURÓPSKA DOKTRÍNA ALEBO UHORSKÁ ŠPECIALITA? ZÁSAHY ŠTÁTU A REKATOLIZÁCIA MIEST V UHORSKU V PRIEBEHU 17. STOROČIA

100%
Németh I. H.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2009
|
vol. 57
|
issue 4
641-658
EN
The study presents the results of new research on the relationship between the towns and the monarch or the state in the period of re-Catholicization, especially in the second half of the 17th century. At the parliament of 1604, the Hungarian aristocracy already protested against the Rudolfine Counter-Reformation and there was also strong opposition in the free royal boroughs. The argumentation was based on the statement that according to Hungarian general law, the towns 'do not belong to the king but to the crown'. At first, re-Catholicization efforts were hindered by a lack of qualified, educated and propertied Catholics, who could hold office in the towns. There was a similar problem with appointment of parish priests in the towns. The author corrects the familiar statements, especially of older historiography, which identified the Reformation with the national party and the Catholic side with the Habsburgs, the Vienna court and the Hungarian Catholic 'anti-nationally' oriented nobility, and points to the complexity of the problem, and to the fact that the economic decline of the early modern towns is not a logical result of the weakened authority of town administrations, but of a whole complex of influences.
2

VPLYV OSMANSKEJ VOJNY NA VÝVOJ MIEST V UHORSKU A DAŇOVÉ ZAŤAŽENIE SLOBODNÝCH KRÁĽOVSKÝCH MIEST V UHORSKU V 16. A 17. STOROČÍ

100%
Németh I. H.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2008
|
vol. 56
|
issue 1
29-42
EN
Monetary taxes formed the main part of the tax obligation of the royal boroughs of the Kingdom of Hungary up to the last third of the 16th century. Among them, the census was practically insignificant in amount and usually not paid in the 16th century. The 'lucrum camerae' was a tax, which could only be levied by the Hungarian Parliament, although its level was decided by the Court Chamber. From the first decade of the 17th century, the taxes began to increase, the census was collected regularly and they tried to levy the 'lucrum camerae' also in the years when parliament did not meet. In the mid 17th century, taxes came to be paid every two and later every three years. After the Wesselenyi Conspiracy (1670), a similar tax system to that applied in other parts of the Habsburg Monarchy was introduced. 'Portia' was a tax intended to support the army operating in the country, and its amount depended on the size of the army. 'Accisa' was a consumption tax charged on meat and alcohol. Apart from this, the 16th-17th century towns had to pay for the support of a certain number of soldiers, who served in nearby castles. They had to provide the transport services and provide labour for the construction of the fortifications. In the 16th century, it was not usual for the royal boroughs to fall behind with their tax payments. At the beginning of the 17th century, the tax system changed, European wars disturbed traditional market connections, the income of towns declined, and this meant a general decline in regularity of the payments. Up to the end of the 17th century, every town struggled with high arrears in the tax payments. The study traces the level of indebtedness in the case of the town of Trnava.
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