The history of Polish tourism in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains as well as the literary and artistic reception of the landscape and culture of Saxon Switzerland have never been discussed in detail. The present article is a research reconnaissance. The beginnings and development of tourism in the region came in the late 18th and early 19th century. The 1800s were marked by the emergence of the first German-language descriptions of Saxon Switzerland, which served as guidebooks at the time. From the very beginning Poles, too, participated in the tourist movement in the area. The author of the article seeks to follow the increasing interest in Saxon Switzerland and the appearance of the first descriptions of the region in Polish literature and culture. She provides a detailed analysis of Polish-language accounts of micro-trips to the Elbe Sandstone Mountains by Andrzej Edward Koźmian, Stanisław Deszert, Antoni Edward Odyniec, Klementyna Hoffman née Tańska and a poem by Maciej Bogusz Stęczyński. As the analysis demonstrates, in the first half of the 19th century Poles liked to visit these relatively low mountains in Central Europe and tourism in the region is clearly part of the history of Polish mountain tourism. Thanks to unique aesthetic and natural values of the mountains, full of varied rocky formations, reception of their landscape had an impact of the development of the aesthetic sensibility of Polish Romantics. Direct contact with nature and the landscape of Saxon Switzerland also served an important role in the shaping of spatial imagination of Polish tourists, encouraging them to explore other mountains in Europe and the world, including the Alps. On the other hand thanks to the development of tourist infrastructure in Saxon Switzerland, facilitating trips in the region and making the most attractive spots available to inexperienced tourists, micro-trips to the Elbe Sandstone Mountains marked an important stage in the development of mountain tourism on a popular-recreational level. Polish-language accounts of trips to Saxon Switzerland from the first half of the 20th century are a noteworthy manifestation of the beginnings of Polish travel literature.
In my article I try to read Malczewski’s Maria (1825) — the first and fully mature romantic tale representing the Polish romantic “Ukrainian school” — in a new way. Taking into account the biography of the author and some of its strict connections with genesis of the work, pessimistic conception of heroes’ fate, and also specific way of creating and picturing space, I have taken as a fundamental context of my interpretation the theory of “burnout syndrome” borrowed from contemporary psychology. The analysis and interpretation of some parts of Maria in my essay have given me some basis to treat this work of Polish early Romanticism as the first Polish-language literary work giving a poetical explanation and picture exemplification of burnout psyche. I also tried to demonstrate that in the case of reading Maria in view of the theory of “burnout syndrome,” apart from some poetical descriptions of emotional conditions of protagonists, specifically shaped images of Ukrainian nature play a very important role. The images strongly motivate this hypothesis. In this context especially the recurrent motif of steppe is significant, the steppe which is a distinct equivalent of deserted, disinherited and burn out psyche.
Switzerland, perceived as the last European haven of freedom and an Alpine country with ideal natural conditions making it possible to present its image in accordance with the Arcadian convention and the bucolic tradition closely related to it, occupies a separate place in the Kościuszko legend. The very fact that the Commander spent the last years of his life in the land of the famous Tell and that he died there could be a basis for the authors of the Kościuszko myth to attach special significance to this area. In this context, both the history, politics, society and the landscape of Helvetia acquired symbolic status. The pastoral myth, which was the basis of Swiss democratic aspirations, the legends of Tell and Winkelried, as emblems of the confederation system, as well as the monumental nature of the high mountain landscape, created a good context for giving Kościuszko’s image heroic stature, because they corresponded ideally to his personality. Other important elements of the Kościuszko legend included Solothurn and Xavier Zeltner. As early as the first half of the 19th century both the image of the city and Zeltner’s generosity became a permanent part of the Kościuszko tradition. Its Swiss Alpine aspect is thus one of the most important components that determine the transborder and solidarity-related nature of this myth.
The article focuses on the research of Władysław Nehring on Polish Romanticism. It attempts an analysis and assessment of the researcher’s achievements in this field. Polish Romantic literature became an object of Nehring’s interest ever since he worked in schools of Great Poland so before his taking over chair of Slavic philology at the University of Wrocław (1868–1907). Evidence of his fascination with the period of Adam Mickiewicz (this is how Nehring described Polish Romanticism) are substantial passages on this period in his coursebook Kurs literatury polskiej dla użytku szkół (Poznań 1866). Nehring clearly stated there that development of Polish Poetry took place no sooner than in the period of Mickiewicz. In the mature period of his scientific work on literature of Romanticism there are outstanding studies on the most prominent texts by Polish inspired poets. Most important are essays on Grażyna, Konrad Wallenrod and Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz, Balladyna and Lilla Weneda by Juliusz Słowacki and Nie-Boska komedia by Zygmunt Krasiński. In his research Nehring particularly paid attention to both cultural background and literary genetics (genre.) He was also the first scholar to systematically research on Mickiewicz’s lectures in Paris (O paryskich prelekcjach Adama Mickiewicza). One of Nehring’s most interesting scientific projects was an attempt to explain the influence of Andrzej Towiański’s texts and personality on Polish Romanticists (Nieznane szczegóły z nauki Andrzeja Towiańskiego).
The article is an attempt to distinguish two main types of transgression usually encountered in the mountains. The first concerns the crossing of geographical and geopolitical borders to be found in the mountains, while the second is associated with the crossing (overcoming) of biological and mental limitations revealed during all kinds of activities in the mountains. The examples referred to in the article have been selected from among literary texts of various genres but thematically linked to the mountains. The author uses primarily fragments of poems, travel accounts from the first half of the 19th century as well as several contemporary accounts and pieces of reportage on expeditions to high mountains.
This present paper is an attempt to trace the reception of the Polish-Saxon relations (in a polonized Polish-Saxon version) in the first half of the nineteenth century, recorded in selected memoirs and epistolary notes from that period. The point of reference in this case is the historical personal unions between Poland and Saxony, i.e. the history of political relations. The basic subject of the analysis are the interpersonal relations between Poles and Saxons in the post-partition period, at a time when there were about 10,000 Poles in Saxony seeking asylum after leaving the Polish lands during the November Uprising, and the ways of taming the space characterized by the signs of the common political past. The memory of Polish-Saxon personal unions seems to have made it easier for Poles to adapt to the new social and even linguistic situation. As it appears, the interest of Poles in Saxony at that time was not only limited to seeking political asylum, but also had a tourist and cognitive dimension. Poles discoverd Saxon Switzerland and learned how to do mountain tourism before going to their native Tatra Mountains. The basis for this paper is a selection of accounts and diaries of Andrzej Edward Koźmian, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Klementyna Hoffmanowa nee Tańska, Juliusz Słowacki’s correspondence and Stanisław Deszert’s manuscript journal.
The article tries to answer the legal-philosophical problem underlying the continental theories of criminalization, i.e., what the reasons are for the legislator establishing a specific catalogue of interests protected by law. To answer this question, the authors first outline what characterizes continental criminalization theories (as opposed to common law ones), and then present two basic types of theories justifying the legislator’s choice of legal interests: systemic-inherent and system-transcendent theories. Within the systemic-transcendent type, the authors distinguish three potential theories: a systemic-transcendent social theory, a systemic-transcendent moralistic theory, and a systemic-transcendent disintegrative theory. Against each of them, however, the authors find serious disqualifying arguments, which eventually makes them argue that the answers to the research question posed above should be sought among system-inherent theories.
PL
Artykuł stara się odpowiedzieć na filozoficznoprawny problem leżący u podstaw kontynentalnych teorii kryminalizacji, tj. jakie racje stoją za ustanowieniem przez ustawodawcę określonego katalogu dóbr chronionych przez prawo. By odpowiedzieć na to pytanie, autorzy wpierw zarysowują to, co charakteryzuje kontynentalne teorie kryminalizacji (w opozycji do anglosaskich), a następnie prezentują dwa podstawowe typy teorii uzasadniających wybór przez prawodawcę dóbr prawnych: systemowo-inherentne i systemowo-transcendentne. W ramach typu systemowo-transcendentnego autorzy wyróżniają trzy potencjalne teorie: systemowo-transcendentną koncepcję społeczną, systemowo-transcendentną koncepcję moralistyczną i systemowo-transcendentną koncepcję dezintegracyjną. Przeciw każdej z nich znajdują jednak poważne argumenty dyskwalifikujące, co sprawia, że ostatecznie opowiadają się za tym, iż odpowiedzi na postawione wyżej pytanie badawcze należy szukać pośród koncepcji systemowo-immamentnych.
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